Sequence-specific MR imaging findings that are useful in dating ischemic stroke.

Patients may present to the hospital at various times after an ischemic stroke. Many present weeks after a neurologic deficit has occurred, as is often the case with elderly patients and those in a nursing home. The ability to determine the age of an ischemic stroke provides useful clinical information for the patient, his or her family, and the medical team. Many times, perfusion imaging is not performed, and pulse sequence-specific magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings may help determine the age of the infarct. The findings seen at apparent diffusion coefficient mapping and diffusion-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and unenhanced and contrast material-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted gradient-echo and susceptibility-weighted MR imaging may help determine the relative age of a cerebral infarct. Strokes may be classified and dated as early hyperacute, late hyperacute, acute, subacute, or chronic. Recent data indicate that in many patients with restricted diffusion and no change on FLAIR images, it is more likely than was initially thought that the stroke is less than 6 hours old. The time window to administer intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is currently 4.5 hours from the time when the patient was last seen to be normal, and for anterior circulation strokes, the time window for administering intraarterial tissue plasminogen activator is 6 hours from when the patient was last seen to be normal. For this reason, accurate dating is important in patients with ischemic stroke.

A case of neonatal compartment syndrome: importance of early diagnosis in a rare and debilitating condition.

Neonatal compartment syndrome (NCS) is a rare condition that is often initially misdiagnosed because its skin lesions mimic several other more common diseases of the newborn. It has not been described in the pediatric literature thus far. Early diagnosis along with fasciotomy may be limb and function-sparing, but only in certain cases, because the exact time and duration of the initial insult and the full extent of damage at presentation is unknown in many cases. We present a case of NCS that was initially thought to be amniotic band syndrome, and delayed fasciotomy and debridement were performed once the correct diagnosis was made. We review the literature of this rare and debilitating condition and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.

Splenic artery embolization and balloon occlusion retrograde alcohol embolization in a patient with bleeding gastric varices.

We present a patient with a large spontaneous splenorenal shunt secondary to isolated splenic vein thrombosis who developed severe bleeding from fundal gastric varices. The patient was managed emergently with splenic artery embolization and balloon occlusion retrograde embolization of the varices with alcohol. We discuss the clinical presentation, embolization techniques, and a potential complication of the use of alcohol for this purpose.