Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) in mice.

AIM: Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) is widely used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of convulsions and culture-bound syndromes such as susto (fear). The aim of this work was to evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of T. parthenium in behavioral paradigms in mice. The effects of T. parthenium were compared with those produced by anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. We carried out the chemical characterization of the main constituents of T. parthenium. The involvement with the GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems were explored be means of synergic and antagonist experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated using the Burying Behavior Test (BBT) and the Elevated Plus-Maze Test (PMT). The antidepressant-like effect was evaluated in the Forced Swimming Test (FST), and ambulatory activity was assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT). Employing the behavioral tests, synergism and antagonism experiments with Alprazolam, Muscimol, and Picrotoxin were carried out in the PMT. In a series of independent experiments, concomitant administration of T. parthenium and Alprazolam, Fluoxetine, or p-chlorophenylalanine were conducted in the FST. For chemical characterization, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electro Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis was performed. RESULTS: T. parthenium exerts clear anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice, without affecting the ambulatory activity of the experimental subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like T. parthenium effects result, at least part from the involvement of the GABAergic system. Our results support the use of Tanacetum parthenium in traditional medicine and suggest its therapeutic potential in the comorbid anxiety and depression.

Involvement of the GABAergic system in the neuroprotective and sedative effects of acacetin 7-O-glucoside in rodents.

PURPOSE: Characterization of sedative, possible anticonvulsant, and protective effects of Acacetin-7-O-glucoside (7-ACAG). METHODS: 7-ACAG was separated and its purity was analyzed. Its sedative and anti-seizure effects (1, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were evaluated in male mice. Synaptic responses were acquired from area CA1 of hippocampal slices obtained from male Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to stereotaxic surgeries to allow Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Functional recovery was evaluated by measuring the time rats spent in completing the motor task. Then the rats were subjected to right hemiplegia and administered 7-ACAG (40 mg/kg) 1 h or 24 h after surgery. Brains of each group of rats were prepared for histological analysis. RESULTS: Effective sedative doses of 7-ACAG comprised those between 20 and 40 mg/kg. Latency and duration of the epileptiform crisis were delayed by this flavonoid. 7-ACAG decreased the synaptic response in vitro, similar to Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) effects. The flavonoid facilitated functional recovery. This data was associated with preserved cytoarchitecture in brain cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: 7-ACAG possesses anticonvulsive and sedative effects. Results suggest that GABAergic activity and neuroprotection are involved in the mechanism of action of 7-ACAG and support this compound's being a potential drug for treatment of anxiety or post-operative conditions caused by neurosurgeries.

Effect of electrical stimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract on the development of electrical amygdaloid kindling in the cat.

PURPOSE: This work analyzed the effect of electrical stimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) on the development of electrical amygdaloid kindling (AK) in freely moving cats. METHODS: Nine male adult cats with implanted electrodes in both amygdalae (basolateral nucleus), both lateral geniculate bodies, left NTS, and both prefrontal cortices were used. Electromyogram and electrooculogram also were recorded. The AK was performed every 24 h (1-s train, 1-ms pulses, 60 Hz, 300-600 microA). The NTS was stimulated previously for 1 min (0.5-ms pulses, 30 Hz, 150-300 microA), just before the AK at 10:00 a.m., and then every 60 min, 4 times, from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. On different days, all NTS stimulation was suspended, and AK was continued until stage VI kindling was reached. RESULTS: Behavioral changes produced by the stimulation of the NTS were blinking, immobility periods with upward sight, licking, and swallowing. Animals with simultaneous stimulation of NTS and AK did not reach stage VI, remaining in behavioral stages I-III. Stage VI was reached after NTS stimulation was intentionally suspended. The amplitude, duration, and the propagation of the amygdaloid afterdischarge did not exhibit progressive evolution during NTS stimulation. A regression analysis was performed between the number of days with only AK stimulation and days with simultaneous NTS stimulation, which showed a positive correlation (values of r = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that NTS stimulation interferes with the development of convulsive evolution and secondary generalization. This delay effect may be due to the activation of the locus ceruleus and some areas of the midbrain reticular formation, among other structures, which has been demonstrated to inhibit experimental convulsive seizures.

Visualización gráfica de las transiciones de las fases del sueño en el hombre: métodos de representación tridimensional / Graphic visualization of the transition of sleep phases in humans: methods of tridimensional representation

El método tradicional para analizar el electroencefalograma (EEG) durante el sueño se ha basado en la inspección visual, hoja por hoja, de los registros de varias horas de sueño de los sujetos, hombres o animales experimentales. Muchas de las características eléctricas pueden ser detectadas y analizadas utilizando este método, pero otras no. Esto se debe a que la inspección visual es un método en el dominio del tiempo, en el cual no son evidentes las frecuencias embebidas en el trazo, ni las relaciones de fase entre eventos electrográficos. En el EEG visualizado pueden medirse algunas características relacionadas con el dominio de la frecuencia, pero sólo en una forma elemental, es decir, la frecuencia y forma de una onda en particular. Pero los cambios sutiles en la fase y las desviaciones ligeras en las frecuencias escapan a la vista del observador. Otro obstáculo en la inspección visual del EEG es la cantidad de registro que se puede ver a la vez; usualmente, uno o dos páginas, lo que dificulta mucho la detección de los cambios leves de la frecuencia. Se ha diseñado y probado un método computacional que soluciona algunos de los problemas intrínsecos de la calificación tradicional del EEG, sobre todo en los registros de sueño de toda la noche. Este programa computacional puede generar una imagen que condensa la evolución de hasta 8 horas continuas de EEG, lo que representa una "abstracción" de la evolución del EEG en el dominio de la frecuencia. Para lograr esto, se calcula el espectro de potencia de cada época de 4 segundos durante toda la noche de registro, y se grafica como una imagen trimensional sólida. Además, se puede graficar simultáneamente la potencia en otros canales del registro, como el electrooculograma (EOG) y el electromiograma (EMG), con el fin de lograr una visualización inmediata de las transiciones de las fases del sueño durante el registro. Se obtuvieron datos de la aplicación de este programa en los registros del EEG (8 horas) de seres humanos. El programa computacional que se presenta fue escrito y probado en una ULTRA SPARC Creator I. utilizando compiladores C++ GNU