Association between early postradical cystectomy kidney injury and perioperative outcome in enhanced recovery era.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of early postoperative acute kidney injury (EP-AKI) during index hospitalization following radical cystectomy and its association with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: All patients with bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy with intent-to-cure at our center between 2012 and 2020 were reviewed. EP-AKI during index hospitalization was evaluated using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. The association between EP-AKI and demographics, clinicopathologic features, and perioperative outcomes, including length of hospital stay, complication rate, and readmission rate, were examined. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictors of EP-AKI. RESULTS: Overall, 435 patients met eligibility, of whom 112 (26%) experienced EP-AKI during index hospitalization (90 [21%] stage 1, 17 [4%] stage 2, and 5 [1%] stage 3). EP-AKI was associated with a longer mean operative time (6.8 vs. 6.1 hours; P < 0.001), higher mean length of hospital stay (6.3 vs. 5.6; P = 0.02), 30-day complication rate (71% vs. 51%; P < 0.001), 90-day complication rate (81% vs. 69%; P = 0.01) and 90-day readmission rate (37% vs. 33%; P = 0.04). The rate of complications increased at higher stages of AKI. On multivariable analysis, perioperative blood transfusion (OR: 1.84, P = 0.02) and continent diversion (OR: 3.29, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of EP-AKI. CONCLUSION: A quarter of cystectomy patients experience acute kidney injury during index hospitalization, which is associated with higher length of stay, postoperative complication, and readmission rates. Perioperative blood transfusion and continent diversion are independent predictors of such injury.

Primary Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Stage I and Low-volume Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors.

Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common malignancy among young males. The majority of patients present with early stages of the disease that are highly curable. For stage I disease, treatment options include surveillance, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), and systemic chemotherapy. For stage II disease, systemic therapy had been the mainstay of treatment. However, it has recently been shown that primary RPLND is effective as a treatment for low-volume metastatic GCT and offers the benefit of avoiding chemotherapy in young men at risk of suffering the long-term sequelae of systemic treatments. In this narrative mini-review, we evaluate the data on primary RPLND for the management of stage I and low-volume metastatic GCT. PATIENT SUMMARY: This mini-review discusses the role of surgery involving removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes for stage I and low-volume stage II testicular cancer. We found that for well-selected patients, surgery can be curative in the majority of cases and avoids the risks associated with systemic chemotherapy.

Is a restaging TURBT necessary in high-risk NMIBC if the initial TURBT was performed with blue light?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether a restaging transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is necessary in high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) if the initial TURBT was performed using blue light (BL) technology. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Using the multi-institutional Cysview registry between 2014 and 2021, all consecutive adult patients with known NMIBC (Ta and T1 disease) who underwent TURBT followed by a restaging TURBT within 8 weeks were reviewed. Patients were stratified according to their initial TURBT, BL vs. white light (WL), and compared to determine rates of residual disease and upstaging. Univariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests, with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Overall, 115 patients had TURBT for NMIBC followed by a restaging TURBT within 8 weeks and were included in the analysis. Patients who underwent BL compared to WL for their initial TURBT had higher rates of benign pathology on restaging TURBT, although this was not statistically significant (47% vs. 30%; P = 0.08). Of patients with residual tumors on restaging TURBT, there were no differences in rates of Ta (22% vs. 26.5%; P = 0.62), T1 (22% vs. 26.5%; P = 0.62), or CIS (5.5% vs. 13%; P = 0.49) when the initial TURBT was done using BL compared to WL. Rates of upstaging to muscle invasive disease were also not different when initial TURBT was performed using BL compared to WL (3% vs. 4%; P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: TURBT using BL does not reduce rates of residual disease or risk of upstaging on restaging TURBT in Ta or T1 disease. Thus, a restaging TURBT is still necessary even if initial TURBT was performed using BL.

Recurrence patterns in bladder cancer patients with no residual disease (pT0N0) at radical cystectomy: A 20-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the oncological outcomes and recurrence patterns in patients with no residual disease at the time of radical cystectomy (RC). METHODS: A retrospective review of our IRB-approved bladder cancer database identified patients who underwent RC between 2000 and 2019 and were found to have no residual disease (pT0N0), either following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) or transurethral resection (TURBT) alone. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Regression models assessed factors influencing recurrence, and a detailed description of recurrence patterns was compiled. RESULTS: From a total of 2222 patients, 234 (10.5%) were included with a median age of 67 years. NAC was used in 89 (38%) patients and 145 (62%) cases were rendered pT0 following TURBT alone. At a median follow-up of 44 months, there were 16 (6.8%) recurrences, 10 (63%) of which occurred in the ypT0 group. None of the patients with clinical Ta/Tis disease had a recurrence after RC. The median time to recurrence was 9 months. Ninety-one percent (10/11) of recurrences in the ypT0 group were within 2 years of cystectomy, while half of the recurrences in the pT0 group occurred after 2 years. Patients with ypT0 had worse 2- and 5-year RFS compared to the pT0 group (85% and 84% vs. 99% and 95%, respectively; P = 0.003). Variant histology was noted in 49 (21%) patients; the recurrence rate was higher in this subgroup compared to those with pure urothelial carcinoma (12.2% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.02). Lung metastasis and involvement of distant organs, while rare, were noted at similar rates in both groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with pT0N0 pathology at the time of cystectomy should prudently undergo long-term surveillance as recurrence and metastasis can still develop up to 4 years after surgery. Patients achieving ypT0 after NAC exhibit worse prognosis and shorter times to recurrence, closer follow-up may be considered.

Detailed cadaveric analysis of perivesical lymph nodes in cystectomy specimens.

INTRODUCTION: Perivesical lymph nodes were added to the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for bladder cancer. Currently, these nodes are inconsistently evaluated at the time of radical cystectomy. The objective of this study was to provide a detailed anatomic evaluation of perivesical lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A radical cystectomy was performed on six un-embalmed cadavers with wide resection of perivesical tissue and meticulous care to separate the pelvic sidewall lymph nodes (e.g. obturator, external iliac) from the bladder and perivesical en-bloc specimen. Perivesical tissue dissection in 2 mm slices was performed with a board-certified pathologist. Lymph node size and location were recorded. RESULTS: Gross tissue resembling lymph nodes were identified in the perivesical tissue in 50% (3/6) of the specimens, with a total of six grossly identified lymph nodes. The mean size was 7.5 mm (2-16 mm). On histologic analysis, 4 of 6 (66%) putative gross lymph nodes had confirmed lymphoid tissue. The mean distance of the lymph nodes from bladder wall was 9 mm (3-15 mm). Eight anatomic locations for perivesical nodes were developed: urachal, anterior bladder wall, posterior peritoneum, bladder neck, bilateral pedicle, bilateral lateral bladder wall. CONCLUSION: This cadaveric study with meticulous dissection of the perivesical space confirms that perivesical lymph nodes are a distinct entity and separate from other lymph nodes in the true pelvis. Perivesical lymph nodes are not present in all subjects and pathologic evaluation is more difficult owing to the surrounding fat. We herein propose perivesical regions for evaluation which can serve as a foundation for future studies and anatomic grossing techniques.

Distal ureter and bladder cuff excision using the "Keyhole Technique" during Robotic Radical Nephroureterectomy

ABSTRACT Introduction: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5-10% of all urothelial tumors (1). Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the standard treatment for high, and low-grade UTUC (2). Although the open approach has been considered the gold standard, robotic techniques have shown comparable oncological outcomes with potential advantages in terms of peri-operative morbidity (3). Materials and Methods: We present a novel "Keyhole" technique for management of distal ureter and bladder cuff during robotic RNU. This technique allows the surgeon to directly visualize the ureteric orifices, delineate resection borders, and maintain oncologic principles of en-bloc excision without necessitating secondary cystotomy incision or concomitant endoscopic procedure. Descriptive demographic characteristics, surgical, pathological, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Complications were reported using the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Results: Between 2015 and 2020, ten patients underwent robotic RNU with bladder cuff excision using the Keyhole technique (single-dock, single-position). Median age was 75 years. Eight patients underwent surgery for right-sided tumors. Median operative time, estimated blood loss, and length of hospital stay were 287 min, 100 mL, and 3 days, respectively. No intraoperative complications occurred, and one grade II complication occurred during the 90-day postoperative period. All patients had high-grade UTUC, being 90% pure urothelial. Bladder recurrences occurred in 30% of patients with an overall median follow-up of 11.2 months. Conclusions: Keyhole technique for the management of distal ureter and bladder cuff during RNU represents a feasible approach with minimal 90-day complications and low bladder recurrence rate at centers of experience.

Distal ureter and bladder cuff excision using the "Keyhole Technique" during Robotic Radical Nephroureterectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5-10% of all urothelial tumors (1). Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the standard treatment for high, and low-grade UTUC (2). Although the open approach has been considered the gold standard, robotic techniques have shown comparable oncological outcomes with potential advantages in terms of peri-operative morbidity (3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a novel "Keyhole" technique for management of distal ureter and bladder cuff during robotic RNU. This technique allows the surgeon to directly visualize the ureteric orifices, delineate resection borders, and maintain oncologic principles of en-bloc excision without necessitating secondary cystotomy incision or concomitant endoscopic procedure. Descriptive demographic characteristics, surgical, pathological, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Complications were reported using the Clavien-Dindo classification system. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2020, ten patients underwent robotic RNU with bladder cuff excision using the Keyhole technique (single-dock, single-position). Median age was 75 years. Eight patients underwent surgery for right-sided tumors. Median operative time, estimated blood loss, and length of hospital stay were 287 min, 100 mL, and 3 days, respectively. No intraoperative complications occurred, and one grade II complication occurred during the 90-day postoperative period. All patients had high-grade UTUC, being 90% pure urothelial. Bladder recurrences occurred in 30% of patients with an overall median follow-up of 11.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Keyhole technique for the management of distal ureter and bladder cuff during RNU represents a feasible approach with minimal 90-day complications and low bladder recurrence rate at centers of experience.

Intricacies of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and retroperitoneal tumor resection for germ cell cancer are complex operations requiring experience and expertise in surgical techniques necessary to achieve complete resection while minimizing morbidity. This article reviews the intricacies of RPLND for testis cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Surgical management of advanced testis cancer begins with an intimate understanding of retroperitoneal anatomy and the various techniques necessary to safely extirpate tumors. Preoperatively patients should undergo comprehensive counseling and obtain up-to-date imaging along with tumor markers to assist in surgical planning and evaluation of extraretroperitoneal (ERP) disease. Surgeons must be well versed in nerve-sparing techniques to maintain ejaculatory function. Newer techniques using a midline extraperitoneal technique minimizes morbidity and length of hospital stay. Special consideration should be given to the possibility of encountering ERP disease in advanced germ cell tumors, with management of these cases in tertiary care centers with multidisciplinary teams. SUMMARY: The perioperative care of the testis cancer patient undergoing RPLND is complex. The goal is to achieve complete resection to render patients disease free while minimizing surgical and long-term morbidity. Advanced testis cancer patients should be managed at tertiary care facilities with surgical expertise and access to multidisciplinary care.

Clinical stage II seminoma: management options.

INTRODUCTION: The management of clinical stage II seminoma has evolved with a recent emphasis on minimizing long-term morbidity while achieving oncologic cure. METHODS: In this review we discuss the available management options for clinical stage II seminoma with an emphasis on the emerging role of surgery in this patient population. RESULTS: Historically, treatment options available to clinical stage II seminoma patients were limited to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Survival rates with these options are excellent; however, both are associated with significant long-term morbidities including cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurologic toxicities. Additionally, higher rates of secondary malignancies are witnessed in this young patient population, decades after successful treatment of the primary cancer. Recently, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been proposed as a first-line treatment option for patients with low-volume metastatic seminoma. CONCLUSION: The SEMS and PRIMETEST trials are two studies examining the role of primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in clinical stage II seminoma, and early data show significant promise.

Does qSOFA score predict ICU admission and outcomes in patients with obstructed infected ureteral stones?

INTRODUCTION: Obstructing stones with infection represent a true urologic emergency requiring prompt decompression. Historically the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria has been used to predict outcomes in patients with sepsis. The quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score has been proposed as a prognostic factor in patients with acute pyelononephritis associated with nephrolithiasis. However there has been limited application of qSOFA to patients undergoing ureteral stenting with obstructive pyelonephritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the qSOFA score for postoperative outcomes following renal decompression in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at three medical centers within one academic institution to identify patients with obstructive pyelonephritis secondary to ureteral stones. All patients underwent emergent ureteral stent placement for decompression. The primary outcome was the predictive value of preoperative qSOFA score ≥ 2 for intensive care unit (ICU) admission postoperatively. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with postoperative outcomes, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Of the 289 patients who had ureteral stents placed, 147 patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-four (16.3%) patients required ICU admission and there were 3 (2%) mortalities, all of these within the ICU admission group. The sensitivity and specificity of the qSOFA score ≥ 2 for ICU admission was 70.8% and 79.5% respectively which outperformed SIRS criteria, which had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 33.6% respectively. CONCLUSION: A preoperative qSOFA score ≥ 2 was a significant predictor for postoperative ICU admission in patients undergoing ureteral stent placement for obstructive pyelonephritis. The qSOFA score can be used to determine which patients will require ICU admission.

Chemoablation in Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives.

Chemoablation is an emerging treatment for urothelial carcinomas. This review provides an overview of the evidence for intracavitary chemoablation in the treatment of urothelial carcinomas. The benefits of such agents include a reduction in morbidity and diseased organ preservation. While numerous agents have shown promise, research is limited due to small patient cohorts, varying follow-up, and no standardized methodology to assess response. Therefore, to date, chemoablation has not been widely adopted. This may change as a novel mitomycin formulation has recently been approved for treating low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Future studies are ongoing which evaluate other promising chemoablation options in urothelial carcinoma.