Impact of Treatment with Antioxidants as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock: Analysis of the Correlation between Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Effects.

Cellular homeostasis is lost or becomes dysfunctional during septic shock due to the activation of the inflammatory response and the deregulation of oxidative stress. Antioxidant therapy administered alongside standard treatment could restore this lost homeostasis. We included 131 patients with septic shock who were treated with standard treatment and vitamin C (Vit C), vitamin E (Vit E), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or melatonin (MT), in a randomized trial. Organ damage quantified by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and we determined levels of Interleukins (IL) IL1ß, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Transforming growth factor B (TGFß), IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and Interferon-γ (IFNγ). The SOFA score decreased in patients treated with Vit C, NAC, and MT. Patients treated with MT had statistically significantly reduced of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-10 levels. Lipid peroxidation, Nitrates and nitrites (NO3- and NO2-), glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase decreased after treatment with Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and MT. The levels of thiols recovered with the use of Vit E, and all patients treated with antioxidants maintained their selenium levels, in contrast with controls (p = 0.04). The findings regarding oxidative stress markers and cytokines after treatment with antioxidants allow us to consider to future the combined use of antioxidants in a randomized clinical trial with a larger sample to demonstrate the reproducibility of these beneficial effects.

Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes-possible role of TGFß1 in female resistance to endotoxemia.

Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female and male mice. Remarkable results showed that females supported twice the LD100 of LPS for males, CLP survival and CFU counts were similar between genders, high circulating LPS levels in ExSh mice and low levels of IgM anti-LPS in males. In the serum of ExSh males, TNF and IL-6 increased in the first 6 h, in CLP males at 12 h. In the liver of ExSh mice, TNF increased at 1.5 and 12 h, IL-1 at 6 h. TGFß1 increased in females throughout the study and at 12 h in males. In CLP mice, IL-6 decreased at 12 h, TGFß1 increased at 6-12 h in males and at 12 h in females. In the lungs of ExSh males, IL-1ß increased at 1.5-6 h and TGFß1 at 12 h; in females, TNF decrease at 6 h and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in CLP females, TNF and IL-1ß decreased at 12 h and 1.5 h, respectively, and TGFß1 increased from 6 h; in males, TGFß1 increased at 12 h. In the livers of ExSh mice, signs of inflammation were more common in males; in the CLP groups, inflammation was similar but less pronounced. ExSh females had leucocytes with TGFß1. The lungs of ExSh males showed patches of hyaline membranes and some areas of inflammatory cells, similar but fewer and smaller lesions were seen in male mice with CLP. In ExSh females, injuries were less extent than in males, similar pulmonary lesions were seen in female mice with CLP. ExSh males had lower levels of TGFß1 than females, and even lower levels were seen in CLP males. We conclude that the ExSh was the most lethal model in males, associated with high levels of free LPS, low IgM anti-LPS, exacerbated inflammation and target organ injury, while females showed early TGFß1 production in the lungs and less tissue damage. We didn't see any differences between CLP mice.

Randomized Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy Patients with Septic Shock and Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: SOFA Score Reduction by Improvement of the Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant System.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Here, we assess the effect of adjuvant antioxidant therapies in septic shock patients with organ dysfunction and their effect on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial run between 2018 and 2022. One hundred and thirty-one patients with septic shock were included in five groups with 25, 27, 24, 26 and 29 patients each. Group 1 received vitamin C (Vit C), Group 2 vitamin E (Vit E), Group 3 n-acetylcysteine (NAC), Group 4 melatonin (MT) and group 5 no treatment. All antioxidants were administered orally or through a nasogastric tube for 5 days as an adjuvant to standard therapy. RESULTS: All patients had multiple organ failure (MOF) and low Vit C levels. Vit C therapy decreased CRP, PCT and NO3-/NO2- but increased Vit C levels. The SOFA score decreased with MT in 75%, Vit C 63% and NAC 50% vs. controls 33% (p = 0.0001, p = 0.03 and p = 0.001 respectively). MT diminished lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p = 0.01) and improved total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p = 0.04). Vit E increased thiol levels (p = 0.02) and tended to decrease LPO (p = 0.06). Selenium levels were decreased in the control group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidants used as an adjuvant therapy in the standard treatment of septic shock decrease MOF and oxidative stress markers. They increase the TAC and thiols, and maintain selenium levels.

The prognostic importance of the angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1-7) ratio in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND: Information about angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Ang-(1-7) levels in patients with COVID-19 is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Ang II-ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its role in pathogenesis and prognosis. METHODS: Patients greater than 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19, based on clinical findings and positive RT-PCR test, who required hospitalization and treatment were included. We compared Ang II, aldosterone, Ang-(1-7), and Ang-(1-9) concentrations and ACE2 concentration and activity between COVID-19 patients and historic controls. We compared baseline demographics, laboratory results (enzyme, peptide, and inflammatory marker levels), and outcome (patients who survived versus those who died). RESULTS: Serum from 74 patients [age: 58 (48-67.2) years; 68% men] with moderate (20%) or severe (80%) COVID-19 were analyzed. During 13 (10-21) days of hospitalization, 25 patients died from COVID-19 and 49 patients survived. Compared with controls, Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1-7) concentration was lower, despite significantly higher ACE2 activity in patients. Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1-7) concentration was lower in patients who died. The Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio was significantly higher in patients who died. In multivariate analysis, Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio greater than 3.45 (OR = 5.87) and lymphocyte count ⩽0.65 × 103/µl (OR = 8.43) were independent predictors of mortality from COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, imbalance in the Ang II-ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis may reflect deleterious effects of Ang II and may indicate a worse outcome.

Elevated Levels of Soluble CD147 are Associated with Hyperinflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19: A Proof-of-Concept Clinical Study.

To evaluate soluble CD147 levels in COVID-19 and identify whether these are associated with hyperinflammation and disease severity. One-hundred and nine COVID-19 patients and 72 healthy blood donors were studied. Levels of CD147, matrix metalloproteases (MMP) and inflammatory markers were measured on hospital arrival, while the need for mechanical ventilation and the occurrence of death during hospitalization were recorded. CD147 levels were higher in COVID-19 (1.6, 1.0-2.3 vs 1.3, 1.0-1.6 ng/ml; P = 0.003) than controls. MMP-2 (9.2, 4.5-12.9 vs 4.2, 3.7-4.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001), MMP-3 (1.1, 0.9-1.3 vs 0.9, 0.7-1.0 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and MMP-9 (0.9, 0.5-1.2 vs 0.4, 0.2-0.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001) were also higher in COVID-19, while MMP-1 (0.6, 0-1.4 vs 0.6, 0.3-0.7 ng/ml; P = 0.711) was not different. Significant correlations were found between CD147 and MMP-2 (ρ = 0.34), MMP-3 (ρ = 0.21), interleukin 6 (ρ = 0.21), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (ρ = 0.26). Furthermore, CD147 levels were higher in patients who required mechanical ventilation (1.8, 1.4-2.4 vs 1.2, 0.8-1.9 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and in those who ultimately died (1.9, 1.4-2.7 vs 1.4, 0.9-1.9 ng/ml; P = 0.009). CD147 is elevated in COVID-19 and appears to contribute to hyperinflammation and disease severity.

Chagas disease in northern Chile: Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in children, dogs and triatomine bugs.

Chagas disease is an anthropozoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by triatomine vectors. In Chile, there are four species of triatomine bugs that are potential vectors of T. cruzi, being Triatoma infestans the main vector in endemic areas of the country. The "Programa Nacional de Control Vectorial de la Enfermedad de Chagas de Chile" has significantly reduced the rates of home infestation to less than 1% and has interrupted vectorial transmission since 1999. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of vectorial control and the continuity of the interruption of vectorial transmission in northern Chile (provincia de El Loa, región de Antofagasta). The study comprised fingerstick blood samples of 2104 children, attending local school, venous blood samples of 65 dogs, associated to houses with T. infestans unique findings and vector infestation, and intestine samples of 284 T. infestans specimens, from the provincia de El Loa, during 2014-2016 period. The samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. A total of 5 children (0.24%), 7 dogs (10.8%), and 6 specimens of T. infestans (2.1%) resulted positive to T. cruzi infection. This study showed that the risk of transmission of Chagas disease is low in the north of Chile (provincia de El Loa), detected a low positive rate of chagasic children and of infected triatomine bugs, and showed the existence of T. cruzi transmission in dogs, which are used as natural sentinels for the detection of T. cruzi infection, being especially useful during surveillance program in human population characterized by low seroprevalence.

Fibrolipoma of the hard palate: an uncommon location. Case report / Fibrolipoma del paladar duro: una ubicación poco frecuente. Reporte de caso

Abstract Fibrolipoma, a benign soft tissue adipose tumor, is a histological variant of lipoma. Clinically, it presents as a painless slow-growing mass, indistinguishable from other benign soft tissue tumors. In the oral cavity, it is mainly encountered in the buccal mucosa. Involvement of the palate is very rare; it accounts for around 7-14% of all oral fibrolipomas. In this article, we describe a case of fibrolipoma in the hard palate of a 70-year-old female, who presented with an asymptomatic pedunculated mass, characterized by a normal-colored and smooth surface, which have been present for 20 years. The lesion was excised, and histopathological study revealed a fibrolipoma. To the best of our knowledge, only 17 cases occurring in the palate have been reported in the literature. Since fibrolipoma presents clinical similarities with other benign soft tissue neoplasms, a thorough clinical examination and histopathological analysis are essential for obtaining diagnosis.

Resumen El fibrolipoma es una neoplasia benigna de tejido adiposo, variante histológica del lipoma. Clínicamente se presenta como una tumoración de crecimiento lento, asintomática, indistinguible de otras neoplasias benignas de tejidos blandos. En cavidad oral se presenta principalmente en la mucosa yugal. El paladar es un sitio infrecuente, comprende del 7 al 14% de todos los fibrolipomas. En este reporte, describimos un caso de fibrolipoma de paladar duro en una mujer de 70 años de edad, que presentó una tumoración pediculada, asintomática, de superficie lisa, del mismo color de la mucosa adyacente, con un tiempo de evolución de 20 años. La lesión fue extirpada, y el estudio histopatológico reveló un fibrolipoma. En nuestro conocimiento, se han reportado en la literatura únicamente 17 casos de fibrolipoma de paladar. Siendo que el fibrolipoma presenta similitud clínica con otras neoplasias benignas de tejidos blandos, un examen clínico detallado, así como el estudio histopatológico son esenciales en la obtención del diagnóstico.

Usefulness of Easy-to-Use Risk Scoring Systems Rated in the Emergency Department to Predict Major Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Several easy-to-use risk scoring systems have been built to identify patients at risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19. However, information about the ability of each score to early predict major adverse outcomes during hospitalization of severe COVID-19 patients is still scarce. METHODS: Eight risk scoring systems were rated upon arrival at the Emergency Department, and the occurrence of thrombosis, need for mechanical ventilation, death, and a composite that included all major adverse outcomes were assessed during the hospital stay. The clinical performance of each risk scoring system was evaluated to predict each major outcome. Finally, the diagnostic characteristics of the risk scoring system that showed the best performance for each major outcome were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-seven adult patients (55 ± 12 years, 66% men) were assessed at admission to the Emergency Department and included in the study. A total of 96 patients (61%) had at least one major outcome during hospitalization; 32 had thrombosis (20%), 80 required mechanical ventilation (50%), and 52 eventually died (33%). Of all the scores, Obesity and Diabetes (based on a history of comorbid conditions) showed the best performance for predicting mechanical ventilation (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.96; positive likelihood ratio (LR+), 23.7), death (AUC, 0.86; LR+, 4.6), and the composite outcome (AUC, 0.89; LR+, 15.6). Meanwhile, the inflammation-based risk scoring system (including leukocyte count, albumin, and C-reactive protein levels) was the best at predicting thrombosis (AUC, 0.63; LR+, 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Both the Obesity and Diabetes score and the inflammation-based risk scoring system appeared to be efficient enough to be integrated into the evaluation of COVID-19 patients upon arrival at the Emergency Department.

Changes in Age and Geographic Distribution of the Risk of Chagas Disease in Chile from 1989 to 2017.

The interruption of vector-borne transmission of Chagas disease was certified in Chile in 1999. Our goal was to determine the effects of the interruption of vector transmission on the age and spatial distributions of the risk of Chagas disease. We analyzed cases of Chagas disease by age and sex between 1989 and 2017, from notified disease reports of the Ministry of Health. Bayesian risk maps were constructed using the Besag-York-Mollie model. The reported cases of Chagas disease had a mean age of 45.9 ± 17.6 years. Small changes in the age distribution were found among different periods (χ215 = 602.4, p < 0.001). These were explained mainly by numbers lower than those expected in age groups 0-39 years in the 2011-2017 period. Part of the observed reduction in the proportion of individuals in the lower strata could be explained by the aging of the Chilean population. An increase of reported cases was detected after the interruption of vector-borne transmission (F1,327 = 4.24, p < 0.04), with regional differences (F14,1308 = 4.35, p < 0.001). The regions of the north-central area that have the highest burden of Chagas tended to decrease the relative risk, while the regions of the south tended to increase and small risk areas appear in zones where there are no insect vectors. There is still no clear evidence of a reduction in the reported cases in Chile. This could be explained mainly by an improvement in the detection of cases, but it cannot be ruled out that vector transmission still exists. The changes in distribution suggest potential impact from human internal migration and blood transfusion. This study provides strong evidence supporting the idea that entomological surveillance and long-term follow-up of Chagas disease need to be maintained after certification of interruption in endemic countries.

Contribution of Anthropogenic Factors and Climate Variables to Human Cystic Echinococcosis Mortality in Chile (2001-2011).

Here we assess the effect of weather and anthropogenic environmental variables, particularly urbanization, on cystic echinococcosis mortality in Chile from 2001 to 2011 using a nonparametric regression model, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and Poisson nonlinear regression models. This study integrated data from various sources on weather and anthropogenic variables. The canine population had the greatest influence on human cystic echinococcosis mortality during the period analyzed. Urbanization among anthropogenic variables and temperature and precipitation among the weather-related variables were the main factors related to cystic echinococcosis deaths. Deaths decreased with urbanization level. Temperature showed a nonlinear impact on mortality, with an optimum value ∼11°C. Public policies aimed at improving safe management of companion animal populations are crucial in controlling the spread of this disease. Effective animal management strategies would have wide-ranging public health benefits, advance the welfare of companion animals and livestock, and decrease the number of human cystic echinococcosis cases.

Development of a small panel of SNPs to infer ancestry in Chileans that distinguishes Aymara and Mapuche components.

BACKGROUND: Current South American populations trace their origins mainly to three continental ancestries, i.e. European, Amerindian and African. Individual variation in relative proportions of each of these ancestries may be confounded with socio-economic factors due to population stratification. Therefore, ancestry is a potential confounder variable that should be considered in epidemiologic studies and in public health plans. However, there are few studies that have assessed the ancestry of the current admixed Chilean population. This is partly due to the high cost of genome-scale technologies commonly used to estimate ancestry. In this study we have designed a small panel of SNPs to accurately assess ancestry in the largest sampling to date of the Chilean mestizo population (n = 3349) from eight cities. Our panel is also able to distinguish between the two main Amerindian components of Chileans: Aymara from the north and Mapuche from the south. RESULTS: A panel of 150 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) of SNP type was selected to maximize ancestry informativeness and genome coverage. Of these, 147 were successfully genotyped by KASPar assays in 2843 samples, with an average missing rate of 0.012, and a 0.95 concordance with microarray data. The ancestries estimated with the panel of AIMs had relative high correlations (0.88 for European, 0.91 for Amerindian, 0.70 for Aymara, and 0.68 for Mapuche components) with those obtained with AXIOM LAT1 array. The country's average ancestry was 0.53 ± 0.14 European, 0.04 ± 0.04 African, and 0.42 ± 0.14 Amerindian, disaggregated into 0.18 ± 0.15 Aymara and 0.25 ± 0.13 Mapuche. However, Mapuche ancestry was highest in the south (40.03%) and Aymara in the north (35.61%) as expected from the historical location of these ethnic groups. We make our results available through an online app and demonstrate how it can be used to adjust for ancestry when testing association between incidence of a disease and nongenetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: We have conducted the most extensive sampling, across many different cities, of current Chilean population. Ancestry varied significantly by latitude and human development. The panel of AIMs is available to the community for estimating ancestry at low cost in Chileans and other populations with similar ancestry.

Development of a small panel of SNPs to infer ancestry in Chileans that distinguishes Aymara and Mapuche components

BACKGROUND: Current South American populations trace their origins mainly to three continental ancestries, i.e. European, Amerindian and African. Individual variation in relative proportions of each of these ancestries may be confounded with socio-economic factors due to population stratification. Therefore, ancestry is a potential confounder variable that should be considered in epidemiologic studies and in public health plans. However, there are few studies that have assessed the ancestry of the current admixed Chilean population. This is partly due to the high cost of genome-scale technologies commonly used to estimate ancestry. In this study we have designed a small panel of SNPs to accurately assess ancestry in the largest sampling to date of the Chilean mestizo population (n = 3349) from eight cities. Our panel is also able to distinguish between the two main Amerindian components of Chileans: Aymara from the north and Mapuche from the south. RESULTS: A panel of 150 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) of SNP type was selected to maximize ancestry informativeness and genome coverage. Of these, 147 were successfully genotyped by KASPar assays in 2843 samples, with an average missing rate of 0.012, and a 0.95 concordance with microarray data. The ancestries estimated with the panel of AIMs had relative high correlations (0.88 for European, 0.91 for Amerindian, 0.70 for Aymara, and 0.68 for Mapuche components) with those obtained with AXIOM LAT1 array. The country's average ancestry was 0.53 ± 0.14 European, 0.04 ± 0.04 African, and 0.42 ± 0.14 Amerindian, disaggregated into 0.18 ± 0.15 Aymara and 0.25 ± 0.13 Mapuche. However, Mapuche ancestry was highest in the south (40.03%) and Aymara in the north (35.61%) as expected from the historical location of these ethnic groups. We make our results available through an online app and demonstrate how it can be used to adjust for ancestry when testing association between incidence of a disease and nongenetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: We have conducted the most extensive sampling, across many different cities, of current Chilean population. Ancestry varied significantly by latitude and human development. The panel of AIMs is available to the community for estimating ancestry at low cost in Chileans and other populations with similar ancestry.

[Effects of climate change on reproductive number of Chagas disease]. / Estimando el efecto del cambio climático sobre el riesgo de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile por medio del número reproductivo.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive number (R0)-maps estimate risk zones of vector-borne diseases and geographical distribution changes under climate change. AIM: To map R0 aiming to estimate the epidemiological risk of Chagas disease in Chile, its distribution and possible changes due to the global climate change. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a relationship between R0 and entomological parameters of vectors as function of environmental variables, to map the risk of Chagas disease in Chile, under current and projected future environmental conditions. RESULTS: We obtained a geographical R0 estimation of Chagas disease in Chile. The highest R0averages correspond to the Central-Northern regions of Chile. T. cruzi transmission area could increase in the future due to climate changes. Independent of the future condition, both for optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenarios, the area of potential risk for Chagas disease transmission would increase. The estimated R0 values suggest that, if a control of T. infestans is not maintained, Chagas disease endemic status will persist or increase, independently of the climate change scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping R0 values is an effective method to assess the risk of Chagas disease. The eventual increase in the transmission area of the disease is worrisome.

Estimando el efecto del cambio climático sobre el riesgo de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile por medio del número reproductivo / Effects of climate change on reproductive number of Chagas disease

Background: Reproductive number (R0)-maps estimate risk zones of vector-borne diseases and geographical distribution changes under climate change. Aim: To map R0 aiming to estimate the epidemiological risk of Chagas disease in Chile, its distribution and possible changes due to the global climate change. Material and Methods: We used a relationship between R0 and entomological parameters of vectors as function of environmental variables, to map the risk of Chagas disease in Chile, under current and projected future environmental conditions. Results: We obtained a geographical R0 estimation of Chagas disease in Chile. The highest R0averages correspond to the Central-Northern regions of Chile. T. cruzi transmission area could increase in the future due to climate changes. Independent of the future condition, both for optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenarios, the area of potential risk for Chagas disease transmission would increase. The estimated R0 values suggest that, if a control of T. infestans is not maintained, Chagas disease endemic status will persist or increase, independently of the climate change scenarios. Conclusions: Mapping R0 values is an effective method to assess the risk of Chagas disease. The eventual increase in the transmission area of the disease is worrisome.

Evaluación de las conductas sexuales de riesgo y hábitos anticonceptivos en una muestra de población mexicana / Evaluation of sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive habits in a sample of the Mexican population

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar, a través de una encuesta, la situación actual de las conductas sexuales de riesgo en una muestra de población mexicana de entre 15-60 años, e identificar los métodos de planificación familiar más utilizados y el promedio de inicio de la vida sexual. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico tipo "bola de nieve". Se aplicó una encuesta validada internacionalmente de conductas sexuales de riesgo, entre julio y octubre de 2017, en una muestra mexicana de 15-60 años de edad. Se excluyeron las encuestas incompletas y con discordancias, y personas de otras nacionalidades. Entre las variables estudiadas se incluyeron: sexo, edad y estado socioeconómico. Se calculó un tamaño de muestra de 385, con un intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Los datos se reunieron en el programa de Excel 2016, donde se analizaron e interpretaron. RESULTADOS: Se encuestaron 689 sujetos, pero se excluyeron 38; de esta forma se registraron 650 casos. El 87.4% de los casos inició su vida sexual entre los 16 y 25 años; un tercio la calificó satisfactoria. El 50% de los encuestados de entre 13 y 15 años utilizó preservativo. El 61% refirió la comunicación de temas sexuales con sus padres poco satisfactoria o inexistente; 6.6% no utiliza o es usuario de algún método de planificación y 40.3% recurre a uno poco efectivo. CONCLUSIÓN: Es importante conocer las prácticas sexuales de la población mexicana, para identificar las áreas de oportunidad, promover la prevención de prácticas sexuales de riesgo y aumentar la difusión de la información.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, through an internationally validated survey, the risky sexual behavior in a Mexican sample between 15-60 years, the average of initiation of sexual activity and the most used contraceptive methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling type snowball. We apply an internationally validated survey of Risky Sexual Behavior between July and October 2017 through social networks to Mexican population between 15 and 60 years. Incomplete surveys were excluded, with disagreements in responses and people of other nationalities. The variables studied included sex, age and socioeconomic status. A sample size of 385 was calculated with a confidence level of 95%. The data was gathered in an Excel sheet 2016 where they were analyzed and interpreted. RESULTS: A total of 689 subjects were surveyed, 38 were excluded; In this way, a total of 650 cases were registered. 87.4% started sexual life between 16 and 25 years old, being satisfactory in a third of the cases. 50% of people between 13 and 15 years used condoms and 56% between 16 and 18 years. 61% reported the communication of sexual issues with their parents unsatisfactory or non-existent. 6.6% of people do not have a planning method while 40.3% have a little cash. CONCLUSION: It is important to know the sexual practices in the Mexican population to detect areas of opportunity, make changes in the prevention of risky sexual actions and in the distribution of information.

Cuantificación de los compuestos bioactivos y capacidad antioxidante del hongo Cordyceps sinensis para su uso potencial como aditivo alimentario / Quantification of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of the Cordyceps sinensis fungus for its potential use as a food additive

El uso de antioxidantes contribuye a disminuir el deterioro de los alimentos. Una práctica común en la actualidad es el uso de aditivos alimentarios de origen sintético, como el butilhidroxitolueno (BHT) y butilhidroxianisol (BHA). El hongo Cordyceps sinensis es ampliamente usado en la medicina asiática y se ha encontrado que aporta múltiples beneficios. Con el fin de evaluar la capacidad antioxidante de este hongo como aditivo alimentario, se obtuvieron extractos a partir de harina de C. sinensis, utilizando extracto acuoso (T1), etanólico (T2), acuoso-etanólico (T3) y acuoso a 50 °C (T4) (en una relación soluto/solvente de 100 g/900 mL c/u). Para la harina se determinó la composición química proximal, obteniendo alto contenido de carbohidratos (80%), y valores bajos de humedad, proteína, grasa y cenizas (<10%). Se determinó el contenido de fitoquímicos, incluyendo contenido de polisacáridos totales (CPT), fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (CFvT), flavonas y flavonoles totales (CFFT), flavanonas y dihidroflavonoles totales (CFDT), y ácido clorogénico (CAC). Además, actividad antirradical DPPH y ABTS, así como poder reductor (PR). Los resultados indicaron que el extracto T3, seguido del extracto T1, presentaron la mayor capacidad antioxidante (DPPH. ABTS y PR), lo cual fue asociado con el CFT, CFFT, y CFDT, así como CPT, CFvT y CAC, respectivamente. Se recomienda evaluar el efecto de la adición de los extractos obtenidos de la harina de C. sinensis sobre la estabilidad oxidativa y microbiológica de productos cárnicos.

Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst Associated With Dentigerous Cyst in a 15-Year-Old Girl.

Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is a rare odontogenic cyst with ameloblastic epithelial lining containing clusters of ghost cells. COCs have been described in association with several odontogenic tumors, more commonly odontomas and rarely with dentigerous cyst (DC). In this article, we describe a case of COC associated with DC in a 15-year-old girl, who presented with a swelling on the right middle third of the face, producing facial asymmetry. Panoramic radiography showed a well-circumscribed, corticated, and unilocular radiolucency at the level of the right maxillary sinus, involving 2 unerupted premolars. The lesion was enucleated and histologically revealed a COC associated with DC, which presented mucous metaplasia. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed to better illustrate this rare synchronous occurrence of COC and DC, showing positivity for CK5, CK14, CK19, and p63 in both lesions. CK18 was negative in COC, and Bcl-2 was negative in DC. Periodic acid Schiff highlighted the mucous cells in the DC lining.

Assessing the risk zones of Chagas' disease in Chile, in a world marked by global climatic change

BACKGROUND Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi appears to be interrupted in Chile; however, data show increasing incidence of Chagas' disease, raising concerns that there may be a reemerging problem. OBJECTIVE To estimate the actual risk in a changing world it is necessary to consider the historical vector distribution and correlate this distribution with the presence of cases and climate change. METHODS Potential distribution models of Triatoma infestans and Chagas disease were performed using Maxent, a machine-learning method. FINDINGS Climate change appears to play a major role in the reemergence of Chagas' disease and T. infestans in Chile. The distribution of both T. infestans and Chagas' disease correlated with maximum temperature, and the precipitation during the driest month. The overlap of Chagas' disease and T. infestans distribution areas was high. The distribution of T. infestans, under two global change scenarios, showed a minimal reduction tendency in suitable areas. MAIN CONCLUSION The impact of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of T. infestans, as shown by the models, indicates the need for aggressive control efforts; the current control measures, including T. infestans control campaigns, should be maintained with the same intensity as they have at present, avoiding sylvatic foci, intrusions, and recolonisation of human dwellings.

Assessing the risk zones of Chagas' disease in Chile, in a world marked by global climatic change.

BACKGROUND: Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi appears to be interrupted in Chile; however, data show increasing incidence of Chagas' disease, raising concerns that there may be a reemerging problem. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the actual risk in a changing world it is necessary to consider the historical vector distribution and correlate this distribution with the presence of cases and climate change. METHODS: Potential distribution models of Triatoma infestans and Chagas disease were performed using Maxent, a machine-learning method. FINDINGS: Climate change appears to play a major role in the reemergence of Chagas' disease and T. infestans in Chile. The distribution of both T. infestans and Chagas' disease correlated with maximum temperature, and the precipitation during the driest month. The overlap of Chagas' disease and T. infestans distribution areas was high. The distribution of T. infestans, under two global change scenarios, showed a minimal reduction tendency in suitable areas. MAIN CONCLUSION: The impact of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of T. infestans, as shown by the models, indicates the need for aggressive control efforts; the current control measures, including T. infestans control campaigns, should be maintained with the same intensity as they have at present, avoiding sylvatic foci, intrusions, and recolonisation of human dwellings.

[Epidemiological characterization of bites on people, as emergency care record: Province of Los Andes, Chile]. / Caracterización epidemiológica de mordeduras en personas, según registro de atención de urgencia: Provincia de Los Andes, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Bites constitute a public health problem worldwide. AIM: To characterize epidemiologically bites by animals happened in the province of Los Andes (2005-2007). METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study. Studied variables: Bitten person (BP), accident by bite, biting animal and bite. It was not feasible to obtain more updated information by law of patient protection. RESULTS: 2,360 BP were assisted in the emergency unit of San Juan de Dios Hospital and Rio Blanco clinic. An annual average rate of 729 BP/100,000 inhabitants and 1.99 daily average was recorded. The male gender was most affected (53.5%) and the age group from 6 to 10 years old. (Rate: .521/100,000). Most frequent topographic location was the lower limb, except in children under 5 year olds in whom predominated head and neck. The biting animal according to frequency was: the dog (67.1%) spider (7.1%) and cat (3.9%). The animal property was 35.6% known and 30.7% own. The most frequent problems were: nonspecific allergy; toxic effect by spider bites and among the infections, the disease made by cat’s scratch stands out. Regarding the record system, the biting animal complaint was applied to 47.6% of the BP and the 92.8% of the recorded information was incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Bites reported higher rates in the province of Los Andes than the average of the country (729 versus 188/100,000), standing out the higher magnitude in 6 to 10 year-old-children. It is noticed that the record is low and incomplete. In this province, no bite control programs or updated studies have been carried out.