Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral malignant neoplasms. The search for specific biomarkers for OSCC is a very active field of research contributing to establishing early diagnostic methods and unraveling underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this work we investigated the salivary metabolites and the metabolic pathways of OSCC aiming find possible biomarkers. Salivary metabolites samples from 27 OSCC patients and 41 control individuals were compared through a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Our results allowed identification of pathways of the malate-aspartate shuttle, the beta-alanine metabolism, and the Warburg effect. The possible salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) criterion. Twenty-four metabolites were identified with AUC > 0.8. Using the threshold of AUC = 0.9 we find malic acid, maltose, protocatechuic acid, lactose, 2-ketoadipic, and catechol metabolites expressed. We notice that this is the first report of salivary metabolome in South American oral cancer patients, to the best of our knowledge. Our findings regarding these metabolic changes are important in discovering salivary biomarkers of OSCC patients. However, additional work needs to be performed considering larger populations to validate our results.

Health and oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if health and oral health status of children and adolescents with different stages of CKD are associated with their health-related quality of life (HRQoL), oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and socioeconomic and demographic conditions. METHODS: One hundred children and adolescents with CKD were age and gender matched to 100 individuals without CKD (mean age ± SD = 13.04 ± 2.57). Oral health was characterised by means of gingival bleeding index (GBI), plaque index (PI), the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and the developmental enamel defect (DED) index. All children and adolescents answered two Peds QL® instruments (general and oral health scales). RESULTS: Comparing the mean scores of HRQoL and OHRQoL between groups, we observed that CKD group demonstrated worse perceptions when compared to non-CKD group. Multiple linear regression analysis with bootstrap estimation of variance (1000 replications) showed association between dental caries experience (p < 0.001), gingival inflammation (p < 0.001) and diagnosis of CKD (p = 0.027) with the OHRQoL and between physical and the emotional domain of HRQoL, when moderate/severe gingival inflammation and hypoplasia were present. CONCLUSION: The implementation of public policies that contemplate the early dental preventive intervention in CKD children and adolescents should occur aiming to improve their oral health, once oral manifestations can directly affect the aspects of the HRQoL and OHRQoL of these individuals.

Biomateriais: uma realidade para as cirurgias de enxerto em Odontologia - revisão da literatura / Biomaterials: a reality for graft surgeries in dentistry - literature review

Desde os primórdios, a humanidade tem procurado maneiras de substituir tecidos vivos lesados, utilizando como substitutos substâncias sintéticas ou naturais, as quais, são chamadas na atualidade de biomateriais. Com a necessidade de reconstruções envolvendo tecidos ósseos perdidos, levou-se ao aprimoramento técnico e avanço dos estudos de tais materiais, a fim de substituir ou otimizar os procedimentos cirúrgicos de enxerto em humanos. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever por meio de uma revisão da literatura os tipos e propriedades dos enxertos utilizados atualmente em odontologia. A literatura mostra que propriedades como osteocondutividade, osteoindução, dentre outras, são extremamente importantes quando da escolha do material a ser utilizado para enxertia. Além disso, a origem destes materiais, sejam eles autógenos, alógenos, xenógenos ou aloplásticos, apresentam indicações precisas para que se tenha sucesso no procedimento a ser realizado, que com o constante crescimento na área de enxertia, vários produtos surgem na odontologia atual, sendo os mesmos, utilizados em íntimo contato com tecidos biológicos como polpa, dentina, tecido periodontal e osso alveolar

From the earliest days, mankind has been looking for ways to replace damaged living tissue, using as substitutes synthetic or natural substances, which are now called biomaterials. With the necessity of reconstructions involving lost bone tissues, it was led to the technical improvement and advancement of the studies of such materials, to replace or optimize the graft surgical procedures in humans. The objetive of this article to describe, through a review of the literature, the types and properties of grafts currently used in dentistry. The literature shows that properties such as osteoconductivity, osteoinduction, among others, are extremely important when choosing the material to be used for grafting. In addition, the origin of these materials, be they autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, or alloplastic, present precise indications for the success of the procedure to be performed, that with the constant growth around grafting, several products appear in the current dentistry, being the same, used in close contact with biological tissues such as pulp, dentin, periodontal tissue, and alveolar bone

Patterns of Internet and smartphone use by parents of children with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Smartphones have become a part of universal technology by combining mobile and handheld functions, enabling expanded access to health information sources available on the Internet. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of smartphones and Internet use to search for health information by parents of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was applied to 111 parents of patients in a Brazilian pediatric nephrology center. Descriptive assessments were performed on Internet use patterns, and associative analyses were made of the influence of the smartphone use pattern on the search for health information. RESULTS: Of the 111 participants, 91% (101/111) accessed the Internet, 88% (89/101) searched for health information, and 90% (80/89) searched for CKD information. Smartphones were the most commonly used devices to access the Internet. There was no significant difference between age groups, schooling levels, places of residence and smartphone use to search information about CKD. Physicians continue to be primary sources of information (87%, 88/101), but now they share space with the Internet, which surpassed traditional sources such as books and other health professionals. There seems to be some discomfort on the part of the parents in admitting their research habit to the physician, considering that 65% (52/80) said they did not discuss the fact that they had looked for information on the Internet with their doctor. Obtaining more information about the disease and gaining knowledge regarding its complications were the main reasons that led to performing a search on the Internet, whose results were considered useful by 93% (74/80). CONCLUSION: Parents of children with CKD have been using the Internet largely through smartphones to research about CKD, irrespective of age, schooling and place of residence. Given its wide use, the Internet can be an important vehicle for health education and contribute to providing the support needed by parents and patients to cope with the disease.

Determinant factors of malocclusion in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) is an encephalic static lesion characterized as a nonprogressive disorder of movements and posture with functional deficits that may favor the occurrence of various malocclusions. We looked for a possible association between overall functional impairment and malocclusion in this population. METHODS: Seventy patients from the Center of Attendance for Special Needs Patients, ages 6 to 18 years and with a CP diagnosis, were involved in the research. The overall degree of functional impairment was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Classification System, and malocclusion was evaluated with the criteria established by the World Health Organization and selected occlusion characteristics. To test the associations, univariate and multiple logistic Poisson regression analyses were used, and prevalence ratio values were calculated. RESULTS: Patients with limited or severely limited mobility (Gross Motor Function Classification of 4 or 5) (P = 0.003), parafunctional habits (P = 0.001), and a caregiver who was not the mother had 3 to 4 times more risk for open bite. Patients with dyskinetic CP are 4 times more likely to develop deepbite (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the type of CP, the degree of motor involvement, and the presence of parafunctions are important factors to be considered to establish a correct diagnosis of malocclusion in persons with CP.

Exodontia seriada e reabilitação bucal de paciente diabético e com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda / Serial tooth extraction and oral rehabilitation of the diabetic patient with acute coronary syndrome

A diabetes mellitus é uma condição que pode estar ou não associada ao caráter hereditário, em que há pouca ou nenhuma liberação de insulina ou o organismo não é capaz de utilizar adequadamente a insulina produzida. Para o tratamento odontológico desses pacientes, é necessário ter conhecimento do controle glicêmico por meio do valor de hemoglobina glicada; avaliar histórico de crises de hipoglicemia; realizar consultas curtas e no período da manhã. Dentre as comorbidades dessa patologia, podemos citar a doença cardiovascular, que pode ser encontrada de várias maneiras, dentre elas na forma de síndrome coronariana aguda. O tratamento desses indivíduos deve ser sempre realizado de forma multidisciplinar. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho é, por meio de um relato de caso clínico, discutir a abordagem cirúrgica odontológica de um paciente com ambas as patologias citadas acima, em uso terapêutico de anticoagulante, antiagregante e hipoglicemiante oral

Diabetes mellitus is a condition that may or may not be hereditary, in which either there is little or no insulin release, or the body is not capable of properly utilizing the insulin produced. For dental treatment of these patients, it is necessary to be aware of glycemic control through the glycated hemoglobin level; to assess the history of hypoglycemia crises; and to provide short appointments during the mornings. One of the comorbidities of this pathology is cardiovascular disease, which can be found in several forms, including acute coronary syndrome. These individuals should always be treated in a multidisciplinary way. Thus, the aim of the present work is to discuss, through a clinical case report, the dental surgical approach to a patient with both of the above pathologies, under use of anticoagulant, antiplatelet drug, and oral hypoglycemic agent

The nutritional state of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy is associated with oral motor dysfunction and social conditions: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the main cause of severe physical impairment during childhood and has commonly shown oral motor association. It has been considered as the main cause of the high prevalence of problems in children's nutrition. Respiration, chewing, swallowing, speaking and facial expressionare part of the orofacial motor functions and when affected they can interfere in children's well-being. The aim of this study was to correlate two methods of orofacial motor evaluation, analyze the influence of orofacial motor functional impairment on the nutritional status of children and adolescents with CP, and the association between socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Seventy children and adolescents with CP were selected, age range 6-16 years and following the exclusion criteria previously determined; 129 normoreactive children (control group), sex and age-matched to patients with CP. For the orofacial motor analysis two evaluation instruments were applied, the "Oral Motor Assessment Scale" (OMAS) and "Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening" (NOT-S). The anthropometric evaluation was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and followed the criteria recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: There was statistically significant correlation between the oral motor methods of evaluation (r = -0.439, p < 0.0001). Concerning the nutritional status evaluation, being overweight was associated with dystonic and mixed CP forms variables (p = 0.034), mother with no partnership (p = 0.045) and mild oral motor impairment (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that, the weight's gain by children and adolescents might be favored by a better functional oral motor performance and social factors.

Identification of microorganisms in biofluids of individuals with periodontitis and chronic kidney disease using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and periodontitis (PD) are important health issues. There is a large variety of microorganisms related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and optimising the time and the cost of laboratory assays to detect these organisms is highly valuable in the medical field. METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from saliva and oral biofilm of 30 adolescents and young adults with definite medical and dental diagnosis of CKD and PD, respectively, and proteins were extracted for microorganism identification by means of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) technique. RESULTS: The results showed that the most incident microorganisms were Actinomyces dentalis (43%), Acinetobacter ursingi (60%), Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans (60%), Corynebacterium argentoctens (63%), Staphylococcus aureus (93%), Streptococcus salivarius (97%) and Tannerella forsythensis (43%). The analysis of oral biofilm showed higher incidences for Actinomyces dentalis (33%), Acinetobacter ursingi (50%), Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans (50%), Corynebacterium argentoctens (70%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (73%) and Streptococcus salivarius (87%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we concluded that the MALDI Biotyper protocol proves useful as a rapid and reliable assay for distinguishing different microorganisms possibly related to CKD and PD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of thermomechanical and thermocycling on the shear bond strength of brackets to bovine enamel bonded with conventional and self-etching adhesive systems / Efeito da ciclagem térmica e térmico-mecânica na resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de bráquetes aderidos ao esmalte bovino com sistema adesivo convencional e auto-condicionante

Muitos sistemas adesivos foram desenvolvidos na última década. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliara resistência adesiva ao cisalhamaneto (RAC)de bráquetes ortodônticos aderidos com primer convencional (PC) ou primer auto-condicionante (PAC), submetidos à ciclagem térmica (CT) e ciclagem térmico-mecânica (CTM). Incisivos bovinos (n =90)foram randomicamente divididos em 2 grupos (n =45) para a colagem dos bráquetes: XT (Transbond XT, 3M-Unitek, CA, USA); SEP (Transbond Plus SEP,3M-Unitek, CA, USA). Após o procedimento adesivo os grupos forma subdivididos em 3 sub-grupos: SC(sem ciclagem) – 1 e 4 (n =15 cada); CTM (ciclagem térmico-mecânica)- 2 e 5 (n = 15 cada); CT (ciclagem térmica)- 3 e 6 (n = 15 cada). Um simulador de fadiga térmica foi usado para os subgrupos 3 e 6, que fioram submetidos a 500 ciclos térmicos entre 5 and 55 C (ISO 11405). Os subgrupos 2 e 5 foram submetidos à ciclagem térmico-mecânica em um simulador de fadiga. Os espécimes foram colocados em uma basede metal num ângulo de 45 e os braquetes receberam impulsos de 1 bar e 4 Hz de frequência, por uma agulha de metal de 2.5 mm de diâmetro fixada na haste superior do equipamento. Foram submetidos a 100.000 ciclos mecânicos e 500 ciclos térmicos entre 5 and 55 C. O teste de RAC foi realizado emuma máquina universal de testes (1mm/min). Após orompimento da união foi realizada uma avaliação emmicroscopia óptica para avaliar a penetração adesivae o Índice de Permanência do Adesivo (IPA) sobreo esmalte. Os resultados mostraram maiores valores de RAC (14,70 ± 4,85 MPa) para o SEP. A CT não influenciou os resultados para o XT (NC- 11,44 MPa;TC - 11,20 MPa; TMC - 11,19 MPa), enquanto para oSEP, a CTM mostrou maiores valores (16,84 MPa)...

Several adhesive systems have been developed in the last decade. The aim of the current studywas to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with conventional primers (XT) or self-etching primers (SEP), by means of thermocycling (TC) and thermomechanical(TM) procedures. 90 bovine incisors were randomly divided into 2 groups (45 specimens each) for brackets bonding: XT (Transbond XT, 3M-Unitek,CA, USA); SEP (Transbond Plus SEP, 3M-Unitek,CA, USA). After bonding, groups were divided into 3subgroups: NC (no cycling)- 1 and 4 (n = 15 each),TMC – 2 and 5 (n =15 each); and TC- 3 and 6 (n=15 each). The fatigue simulator was used for thethermal fatigue test of groups 3 and 6, which were submitted to thermal variation cycles - 500 cyles were carried out in between 5 and 55 C ( ISO 11405). Groups 2 and 5 were submitted to thermomechanicaltests by using the mechanical fatigue simulator. Thespecimens were placed at a metal base at an angleof 45, in a way that the 2.5 mm diameter metalneedle was fixed in the upper part of the cyclingmachine and could induce impulses of 1 bar loadintensity and 4 Hz frequency (4 cycles per second)on the bracket. The samples were submitted to 100000 mechanical cycles and 500 thermal cycles which varied from 5C to 55C. The SBS test was performed in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). Afterdebonding, optic microscopic evaluation for adhesive penetration and Adhesive Remaining Index (ARI)analyses in the enamel surface were performed.The results showed higher SBS (14.70 ± 4.85 MPa)values for SEP. The SBS remained similar despitecycling (NC-11.44 MPa; TC-11.20 MPa; TMC-11.19MPa) for XT, meanwhile for SEP, ...

In vitro evaluation of the microhardness of bovine enamel exposed to acid solutions after bleaching.

Acid erosion is a superficial loss of enamel caused by chemical processes that do not involve bacteria. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the presence of acid substances in the oral cavity, may cause a pH reduction, thus potentially increasing acid erosion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of bleached and unbleached bovine enamel after immersion in a soda beverage, artificial powder juice and hydrochloric acid. The results obtained for the variables of exposure time, acid solution and substrate condition (bleached or unbleached enamel) were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey tests. It was concluded that a decrease in microhardness renders dental structures more susceptible to erosion and mineral loss, and that teeth left unbleached show higher values of microhardness compared to bleached teeth.

In vitro evaluation of the microhardness of bovine enamel exposed to acid solutions after bleaching

Acid erosion is a superficial loss of enamel caused by chemical processes that do not involve bacteria. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the presence of acid substances in the oral cavity, may cause a pH reduction, thus potentially increasing acid erosion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of bleached and unbleached bovine enamel after immersion in a soda beverage, artificial powder juice and hydrochloric acid. The results obtained for the variables of exposure time, acid solution and substrate condition (bleached or unbleached enamel) were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey tests. It was concluded that a decrease in microhardness renders dental structures more susceptible to erosion and mineral loss, and that teeth left unbleached show higher values of microhardness compared to bleached teeth.

Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded using halogen light and light-emitting diode at different debond times.

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the photoactivation effects of QTH (Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen) and LED (Light-Emitting Diode) on the SBS (Shear Bond Strength) of orthodontic brackets at different debond times. Seventy-two bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into two groups according to the photoactivation system used (QTH or LED). The enamel surfaces were conditioned with Transbond self-etching primer, and APC (Adhesive Pre-Coated) brackets were used in all specimens. Group I was cured with QTH for 20 s and Group II with LED for 10 s. Both groups were subdivided according to the different experimental times after bonding (immediately, 24 h and 7 days). The specimens were tested for SBS and the enamel surfaces were analyzed according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). The statistical analysis included the Tukey's test to evaluate the main effects of photoactivation and debond time on SBS. The Chi-square test was used to compare the ARI values found for each group, and no statistically significant difference was observed. The debond time of 7 days for QTH photoactivation showed statistically greater values of SBS when compared to the immediate and 24 h periods. There was no statistically significant difference between the QTH and LED groups immediately and after the 24 h period. In conclusion, bonding orthodontic brackets with LED photoactivation for 10 s is suggested because it requires a reduced clinical chair time.

Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded using halogen light and light-emitting diode at different debond times

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the photoactivation effects of QTH (Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen) and LED (Light-Emitting Diode) on the SBS (Shear Bond Strength) of orthodontic brackets at different debond times. Seventy-two bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into two groups according to the photoactivation system used (QTH or LED). The enamel surfaces were conditioned with Transbond self-etching primer, and APC (Adhesive Pre-Coated) brackets were used in all specimens. Group I was cured with QTH for 20 s and Group II with LED for 10 s. Both groups were subdivided according to the different experimental times after bonding (immediately, 24 h and 7 days). The specimens were tested for SBS and the enamel surfaces were analyzed according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). The statistical analysis included the Tukey's test to evaluate the main effects of photoactivation and debond time on SBS. The Chi-square test was used to compare the ARI values found for each group, and no statistically significant difference was observed. The debond time of 7 days for QTH photoactivation showed statistically greater values of SBS when compared to the immediate and 24 h periods. There was no statistically significant difference between the QTH and LED groups immediately and after the 24 h period. In conclusion, bonding orthodontic brackets with LED photoactivation for 10 s is suggested because it requires a reduced clinical chair time.

Farmacoterapia de raloxifeno y de risedronato en el proceso de reparación ósea en ratones machos con osteopenia / Pharmacotherapy of raloxifene and risedronate in the process of bone repair in male mice with osteopenia

El objetivo del estudio era el de analizar radiográficamente los efectos del risedronato de sodio (OSG Norwich Pharmaceticals, U. S. UN.) y del raloxifeno clorhidrato (Eli Lirio & Compañía Ltda, ING. ) En la reparación ósea en ratones osteopénicos. Se utilizó cincuenta ratones divididos en cinco grupos de 10 animales: (I) SHAM, (II) Castrado, (III) Castrados y tratados con risedronato 1mg/kg/dia, (IV) Castrados y tratados con raloxifeno 1mg/kg/día y (V) Castrados y tratados con raloxifeno 3mg/kg/día. Después de treinta días de la castración se les produjo heridas en el hueso de 3 mm de en las de tibias derechas. Entre 7 y 28 días de tratamiento los ratones fueron sacrificados y las tibias evaluadas considerando la densidad óptica radiográfica de la región de la reparación del defecto óseo por medio del sistema digital RVG Trophy y Programa de Imagen Tool® 2,03. Los resultados fueron sometidos al ANOVA y al Test de Tukey (p?0,05). Los datos mostraron que a los 7 días de observación los grupos I y II fueron estadísticamente semejantes en relación al grado de densidad radiográfica, así como los demás grupos entre sí. A los 28 días el grupo V presentó los valores de densidad radiográfica superior y estadísticamente significativos con respecto a los grupos II, III y IV y semejante al grupo I. Los grupos III y IV fueron semejantes entre sí y estadísticamente superior al grupo II. Se concluyó que el raloxifeno en dosis de 3mg/kg/dia presentó mejor desempeño en el proceso de reparación ósea, siendo semejante al grupo SHAM a los 28 días. El efecto del raloxifeno se mostró dosis dependiente, a los 28 días, en las posologias testadas

The aim of this study was to analyse radiographically the effects of sodium risedronate (OSG Norwich Pharmaceticals, EUA) and raloxifene hydrochloride (Eli Lilly & Company Ltd; ING.) in bone repair of male rats with osteopenia. 50 animals were divided in 5 groups of 10: (I) SHAM, (II) Castrated rats, (III) Castrated rats treated with 1mg/kg/day risedronate, (IV) Castrated rats treated with 1mg/kg/day raloxifene and (V) Castrated rats treated with 3mg/kg/day raloxifene. 30 days after castration, a 3 mm bone defect was made in the right tibia of the animals. After 7 and 28 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the tibias were removed for analysis of radiographic optical density by the digital system RVG Trophy and the Image Programme Tool 2.03®. All data collected were analysed by ANOVA and the Tukey´s Test (p?0.05). The results showed that at 7 days of bone repair, groups I and II had similar and statistically significant values of optical density while the other groups had similar values among themselves. At 28 days of bone repair, group V showed greater and statistically significant values of optical density compared to groups II, III and IV, but similar values to group I. Groups III and IV had similar values between themselves but greater and statistically significant values than group II. It could be concluded that 3 mg/kg/day raloxifene had a better performance in bone repair when compared to the other groups, similar results to group I and a dose-dependent relation at 28 days

Efeitos da terapia de reposição hormonal com raloxifeno e risedronato na reparação óssea de ratas com osteopenia” / Effects of hormone replacement therapy with raloxifene and risedronate in bone repair of female rats with osteopenia

O objetivo do estudo foi de analisar radiograficamente os efeitos do risedronato e do cloridrato de raloxifeno na reparaçãoóssea de ratas osteopênicas. Utilizou-se cinqüenta ratas divididas em cinco grupos de 10 animais cada: (I) SHAM, (II)ovariectomizadas (OVZ), (III) OVZ e tratadas com risedronato 1mg/kg/dia, (IV) OVZ e tratadas com raloxifeno 1mg/kg/dia e (V) OVZ e tratadas com raloxifeno 3mg/kg/dia . Após trinta dias da ovariectomia executaram-se lesões ósseasde 3 mm de ∅ nas tíbias direitas. Após 7 e 28 dias de tratamento as ratas foram sacrificadas e as tíbias avaliadas quanto àdensidade radiográfica da região de reparação do defeito ósseo por meio do sistema digital RVG Trophy e programa ImageTool 2.03. Os dados da análise da densidade óptica radiográfica foram submetidos à ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (p≤0,05).Os resultados mostraram que aos 28 dias os grupos I e V apresentaram valores de densidade mineral óssea superiores eestatisticamente significantes em relação aos grupos II e IV e semelhantes ao grupo III. Além disso, o grupo III obtevedensidade mineral óssea estatísticamente superior ao grupo II e semelhante ao grupo IV. Concluiu-se que o raloxifenona dose de 3mg/kg/dia e o risedronato na dose de 1mg/kg/dia, aceleraram o processo de reparação óssea, apresentandoefeito semelhante ao grupo SHAM. O efeito do raloxifeno na reparação óssea mostrou-se dose-dependente.