Strategies for advancing inclusive biodiversity research through equitable practices and collective responsibility.

Biodiversity research is essential for addressing the global biodiversity crisis, necessitating diverse participation and perspectives of researchers from a wide range of backgrounds. However, conservation faces a significant inclusivity problem because local expertise from biodiversity-rich but economically disadvantaged regions is often underrepresented. This underrepresentation is driven by linguistic bias, undervalued contributions, parachute science practices, and capacity constraints. Although fragmented solutions exist, a unified multistakeholder approach is needed to address the interconnected and systemic conservation issues. We devised a holistic framework of collective responsibility across all research participants and tailored strategies that embrace diversity and dismantle systemic barriers to equitable collaboration. This framework delineates the diverse actors and practices required for promoting inclusivity in biodiversity research, assigning clear responsibilities to researchers, publishers, institutions, and funding bodies. Strategies for researchers include cultivating self-awareness, expanding literature searches, fostering partnerships with local experts, and promoting knowledge exchange. For institutions, we recommend establishing specialized liaison roles, implementing equitable policies, allocating resources for diversity initiatives, and enhancing support for international researchers. Publishers can facilitate multilingual dissemination, remove financial barriers, establish inclusivity standards, and ensure equitable representation in peer review. Funders must remove systemic barriers, strengthen research networks, and prioritize equitable resource allocation. Implementing these stakeholder-specific strategies can help dismantle deep-rooted biases and structural inequities in biodiversity research, catalyzing a shift toward a more inclusive and representative model that amplifies diverse perspectives and maximizes collective knowledge for effective global conservation.

Estrategias para las prácticas equitativas y la responsabilidad colectiva en la investigación de la biodiversidad Resumen La investigación sobre biodiversidad es esencial para hacer frente a la crisis mundial de la biodiversidad, por lo que requiere la participación y la variedad de perspectivas de investigadores de diferente procedencia. Sin embargo, la conservación se enfrenta a un importante problema de inclusión, ya que los expertos locales de regiones ricas en biodiversidad, pero con economías desfavorecidas suelen estar infrarrepresentados. Esta infrarrepresentación se debe a prejuicios lingüísticos, contribuciones infravaloradas, prácticas científicas paracaidistas y limitaciones de capacidad. Aunque existen soluciones fragmentadas, se necesita un enfoque unificado de los múltiples actores para abordar los problemas de conservación interconectados y sistémicos. Ideamos un marco holístico de responsabilidad colectiva de todos los participantes en la investigación y estrategias a medida que abarcan la diversidad y desmantelan las barreras sistémicas a la colaboración equitativa. Se necesitan diversos actores y estrategias para promover la inclusión en la investigación sobre biodiversidad, y deben asignarse claramente las responsabilidades de investigadores, editores, instituciones y organismos de financiación. Las estrategias para los investigadores incluyen fomentar la autoconciencia, ampliar las búsquedas bibliográficas, fomentar las asociaciones con expertos locales y promover el intercambio de conocimientos. Para las instituciones, recomendamos establecer funciones de enlace especializadas, aplicar políticas equitativas, asignar recursos a iniciativas de diversidad y mejorar el apoyo a los investigadores internacionales. Las editoriales pueden facilitar la difusión multilingüe, eliminar barreras financieras, establecer normas de inclusión y garantizar una representación equitativa en la revisión por pares. Los financiadores deben eliminar las barreras sistémicas, reforzar las redes de investigación y dar prioridad a la asignación equitativa de recursos. La aplicación de estas estrategias específicas puede ayudar a desmantelar prejuicios profundamente arraigados y desigualdades estructurales en la investigación de la biodiversidad, catalizando un cambio hacia un modelo más inclusivo y representativo que amplifique las diversas perspectivas y maximice el conocimiento colectivo para una conservación global eficaz.

Correlated evolution between body size and echolocation in bats (order Chiroptera).

BACKGROUND: Body size and echolocation call frequencies are related in bats. However, it is unclear if this allometry applies to the entire clade. Differences have been suggested between nasal and oral emitting bats, as well as between some taxonomic families. Additionally, the scaling of other echolocation parameters, such as bandwidth and call duration, needs further testing. Moreover, it would be also interesting to test whether changes in body size have been coupled with changes in these echolocation parameters throughout bat evolution. Here, we test the scaling of peak frequency, bandwidth, and call duration with body mass using phylogenetically informed analyses for 314 bat species. We specifically tested whether all these scaling patterns differ between nasal and oral emitting bats. Then, we applied recently developed Bayesian statistical techniques based on large-scale simulations to test for the existence of correlated evolution between body mass and echolocation. RESULTS: Our results showed that echolocation peak frequencies, bandwidth, and duration follow significant allometric patterns in both nasal and oral emitting bats. Changes in these traits seem to have been coupled across the laryngeal echolocation bats diversification. Scaling and correlated evolution analyses revealed that body mass is more related to peak frequency and call duration than to bandwidth. We exposed two non-exclusive kinds of mechanisms to explain the link between size and each of the echolocation parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of Bayesian statistics based on large-scale simulations could be helpful for answering macroevolutionary patterns related to the coevolution of traits in bats and other taxonomic groups.

Climate change-related distributional range shifts of venomous snakes: a predictive modelling study of effects on public health and biodiversity.

BACKGROUND: Climate change is expected to have profound effects on the distribution of venomous snake species, including reductions in biodiversity and changes in patterns of envenomation of humans and domestic animals. We estimated the effect of future climate change on the distribution of venomous snake species and potential knock-on effects on biodiversity and public health. METHODS: We built species distribution models based on the geographical distribution of 209 medically relevant venomous snake species (WHO categories 1 and 2) and present climatic variables, and used these models to project the potential distribution of species in 2070. We incorporated different future climatic scenarios into the model, which we used to estimate the loss and gain of areas potentially suitable for each species. We also assessed which countries were likely to gain new species in the future as a result of species crossing national borders. We integrated the species distribution models with different socioeconomic scenarios to estimate which countries would become more vulnerable to snakebites in 2070. FINDINGS: Our results suggest that substantial losses of potentially suitable areas for the survival of most venomous snake species will occur by 2070. However, some species of high risk to public health could gain climatically suitable areas for habitation. Countries such as Niger, Namibia, China, Nepal, and Myanmar could potentially gain several venomous snake species from neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the combination of an increase in climatically suitable areas and socioeconomic factors (including low-income and high rural populations) means that southeast Asia and Africa (and countries including Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh, India, and Thailand in particular) could have increased vulnerability to snakebites in the future, with potential effects on public human and veterinary health. INTERPRETATION: Loss of venomous snake biodiversity in low-income countries will affect ecosystem functioning and result in the loss of valuable genetic resources. Additionally, climate change will create new challenges to public health in several low-income countries, particularly in southeast Asia and Africa. The international community needs to increase its efforts to counter the effects of climate change in the coming decades. FUNDING: German Research Foundation, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, European Regional Development Fund.

Venomous animals in a changing world.

The climatic changes of the next decades will modify human and livestock interactions with venomous animals; Some venomous species will disappear in the coming decades; Other venomous species will shift their distributions or increase their geographic ranges invading new countries that may not have specific antivenoms.

Vulnerable areas to accidents with scorpions in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify areas that present a higher risk of exposure to accidents with scorpions in Brazil. METHODS: We used techniques of spatial prioritisation to determine the most vulnerable localities to envenomation by four scorpion species. Our prioritisation integrated ecological niche models with health investment, antivenin availability, access to health care facilities and metrics of human impact data. RESULTS: The ecological niche models indicated that three scorpion species (Tityus bahiensis, Tityus serrulatus, and Tityus stigmurus) are more associated with human population density, while T. obscurus demonstrated a strong association with temperature variations during the year. Spatial prioritisation indicated that the areas with higher risk exposure to accidents with scorpions are in northern and northeastern Brazil. Alternatively, more isolated but densely populated areas in the southeastern and central regions also emerged as a priority. CONCLUSION: Mapping areas where humans are more likely to interact with scorpions can assist in the design of efficient public health policies.