Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review.

Physical inactivity is a major concern and poor adherence to exercise programs is often reported. The aim of this paper was to systematically review published reviews on the study of adherence to physical exercise in chronic patients and older adults and to identify those adherence-related key factors more frequently suggested by reviews for that population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results were classified considering the target population and participants' characteristics to identify the most repeated factors obtained for each condition. Fifty-five articles were finally included. Fourteen key factors were identified as relevant to increase adherence to physical exercise by at least ten reviews: (a) characteristics of the exercise program, (b) involvement of professionals from different disciplines, (c) supervision, (d) technology, (e) initial exploration of participant's characteristics, barriers, and facilitators, (f) participants education, adequate expectations and knowledge about risks and benefits, (g) enjoyment and absence of unpleasant experiences, (h) integration in daily living, (i) social support and relatedness, (j) communication and feedback, (k) available progress information and monitoring, (l) self-efficacy and competence, (m) participant's active role and (n) goal setting. Therefore, adherence to physical exercise is affected by several variables that can be controlled and modified by researchers and professionals.

Examining Body Satisfaction and Emotional-Social Intelligence among School Children: Educational Implications.

In childhood, the perception of body image is in the construction phase and emerges linked to the aesthetic ideals of society, which is well differentiated according to gender. In this way, according to people's interpretations of the environment and how to manage it emotionally, greater or lesser body satisfaction may be generated, which could have irreversible consequences for children. Therefore, our interest lies in how body image satisfaction and gender can act as modulating variables of emotional intelligence in childhood, analyzing differences in the intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and mood dimensions of emotional intelligence, according to the degree of body image satisfaction and the child's gender. A total of 944 Primary Education students selected by multistage cluster sampling, 548 boys and 396 girls aged between 9 and 12 years from different schools in Extremadura (Spain), participated in the research. The study design was descriptive, and questionnaires to measure emotional intelligence, self-perception, and body image satisfaction were used. An analysis of descriptive statistics, a Chi-square test to measure the variance/invariance of the participants' distribution according to their satisfaction with body image and gender, and a MANOVA to determine the possible effects of satisfaction with body image as well as of gender on emotional intelligence were conducted. Regardless of gender, children who were satisfied with their body image showed higher interpersonal intelligence, greater adaptability, and better mood. With respect to gender, girls showed higher stress management than boys. Throughout Compulsory Education, it is necessary to promote campaigns imparted by specialists to prevent body image dissatisfaction, so that the benefits can reach the entire educational community (students, teachers, and parents). In this work, several possibilities are described to meet the demands of contemporary society.

Self-Concept in Childhood: The Role of Body Image and Sport Practice.

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in satisfaction with body image depending on whether the subject practices organized sport or not, as well as the gender of the children. In addition, the study aims to examine the role of body image and the practice of organized sport on the process of building the academic, social, emotional, family and physical dimensions of self-concept in childhood. To do so, a sample of 944 pupils was used. These children were attending primary school in different centers of the Autonomous Community of Extremadura (Spain) and were between 9 and 12 years of age. The main results of the study show that three out of every four children participating in this study were not satisfied with their figure and one out of every five was very dissatisfied. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the figure was similar in boys and girls, although it could be appreciated that the ideal body image is partly conditioned by gender stereotypes. The children most satisfied with their body image had a greater academic and physical self-concept. The children that practiced organized sports had a greater physical and emotional self-concept. The children most dissatisfied with their body image and practiced organized sports had a lower family self-concept. All these findings are discussed with reference to previous research literature.

Análisis de los perfiles motivacionales y su relación con los comportamientos adaptativos en las clases de educación física / Analysis of motivational profiles and their relationship with adaptive behaviours in physical education classes

Basado en la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los perfiles motivacionales de los estudiantes de educación física (EF) y valorar las posibles relaciones existentes con determinados comportamientos y actitudes hacia las clases de EF. La muestra del estudio estaba formada por 1.690 estudiantes con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años, pertenecientes a diferentes centros de enseñanza secundaria de la comunidad autónoma de Extremadura. Los resultados destacaron la existencia de 4 perfiles motivacionales: baja calidad, baja cantidad, alta cantidad y alta calidad. Además, el análisis de los datos indicó que los alumnos de sexo femenino, de menor edad y que practicaban actividad física extraescolar presentaban perfiles más autodeterminados que el resto. Por último, se comprobó que a medida que los perfiles motivacionales son más autodeterminados se producen consecuencias más adaptativas, como la importancia concedida a la EF, el disfrute y el desarrollo de comportamientos positivos, ocurriendo a la inversa en el caso del aburrimiento. Como conclusión, el estudio destaca la importancia que adquieren los procesos motivacionales desarrollados por los alumnos para explicar la aparición de determinadas consecuencias durante las clases de EF.

Based on the Self-Determination Theory, this study sought to analyse motivational profiles of Physical Education (PE) students, as well as to assess the relationship with several behaviours and attitudes toward PE classes. The sample consisted of 1,690 pupils aged 12 to 16, from different secondary schools of the Region of Extremadura. The results highlight the existence of four motivational profiles: Low Quality, Low Quantity, High Quantity, and High Quality. Moreover, data analysis showed that younger female individuals who practiced extracurricular physical activity had more self-determined profiles than the rest of participants. Lastly, it was demonstrated that the more self-determined motivational profiles are produced as a result of being more adaptive, such as to the importance of PE, enjoyment, and development of positive behaviours. Contrarily, boredom has an inverse process. As a conclusion, the study emphasised the importance of the motivational processes developed by pupils to explain several outcomes during PE classes.

Percepción de la conducta de los padres en los comportamientos antisociales mostrados por los jóvenes participantes de deportes colectivos / Perception of Parents' Conducts on Antisocial Behaviors Shown by Team Sports Youth Athletes

El principal objetivo del estudio fue conocer las relaciones entre padres e hijos en la percepción de intención, actuación y juicio de los posibles comportamientos antisociales en el contexto deportivo, valorando en una misma acción deportiva, la moralidad mostrada por ambos significativos y considerando el clima fomentado por los padres en los deportistas para la aparición o no de estas conductas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.420 participantes, 710 deportistas, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 16 años (M = 12.76; DE = 1.15) y 710 padres, con edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 49 años (M = 43.56; DE = 2.95), de varios deportes colectivos: fútbol, baloncesto, balonmano y voleibol. Deportistas y padres diligenciaron cuestionarios destinados a valorar la percepción de los jugadores y padres sobre comportamientos antisociales y la percepción del clima motivacional que los padres transmiten a los deportistas. Los resultados muestran una relación significativa entre las variables antisociales en padres e hijos. Asimismo, la presión de los padres emerge como predictor de la intención y actuación de comportamientos antisociales. Finalmente, se indica que una participación adecuada de los padres en la práctica deportiva, supondrá el descenso de comportamientos antisociales por parte de los deportistas.

The main aim of the study was to know the relationships between parents and children with regard to perception of intention, performance and judgment of antisocial behaviors in the sport context, assessing in the same sport action, the morality shown by both significatives. The sample comprised 1420 participants, 710 athletes, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old (M = 12.76; SD = 1.15), and 710 parents, ranging in age from 36 to 49 years old (M = 43.56; SD = 2.95). Athletes and parents completed questionnaires related to measure perception of players and parents' about antisocial behaviors, as well as perception of motivational climate developed by parents. Results showed a significant relationship among antisocial variables in parents and children. Moreover, parents' pressure emerged as predictor of intention and performance of antisocial behaviors. Finally, it is emphasized that appropriate parental participation in sport practice can promote the decrease of antisocial behaviors in athletes.

Desarrollo de un modelo de motivación para explicar el flow disposicional y la ansiedad en bailarines profesionales / Development of a Motivation Model to Explain Dispositional Flow and Anxiety in Professional Dancers

El propósito del presente estudio fue aplicar un modelo de motivación en bailarines profesionales, para conocer los procesos motivacionales que pueden facilitar o dificultar la aparición de consecuencias emocionales como el flow disposicional o la ansiedad. Participaron en la investigación 332 bailarines de diferentes conservatorios españoles (293 mujeres y 39 hombres), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 45 años, que respondieron a diferentes cuestionarios. Los resultados del modelo revelaron que el clima tarea compañeros predecía la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas, mientras que el clima ego compañeros tan solo predijo la necesidad de competencia, siendo esta variable predictor positivo de la motivación intrínseca y negativo de la desmotivación. Por último, la motivación intrínseca se mostró como predictor positivo del flow disposicional y, en menor medida, de la ansiedad, mientras que la desmotivación predijo únicamente la ansiedad. Como conclusión se destaca que el modelo de motivación planteado se ajusta correctamente con una muestra de bailarines profesionales.

The aim of the current study was to apply a motivation model in professional dancers to know motivational processes that might help or make difficult the appearance of emotional consequences such as dispositional flow or anxiety. 332 dancers from different Spanish conservatories participated in the research (293 females and 39 males), ranging in age from 12 to 45 years old who filled several questionnaires. Mode's results showed that peer mastery climate predicted satisfaction of the three psychological needs and peer performance climate only predicted necessity of competence, being this variable a positive predictor of intrinsic motivation and a negative predictor of amotivation. Finally, intrinsic motivation was a dispositional flow predictor and, to a lesser extent, was an anxiety predictor, whereas amotivation only predicted anxiety. To conclude, we emphasize that motivation model was correctly adjusted for a professional dancers sample.