Prevalence of dry eye syndrome and risk factors in physical education and sports science graduates.

PURPOSE: There are only a few epidemiological studies of dry eye syndrome (DES) in populations with a common academic background. in this study, the prevalence of DES and associated factors were evaluated separately in men and women physical education and sports science graduates. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A questionnaire about the diagnosis of DES and associated factors was mailed to 9507 graduates of the Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University. The questions covered subjective DES using Schaumberg et al.'s questionnaire and the prevalence of diagnosed DES. Associated factors, age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, daily screen viewing time, and contact lens (CL) use were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2048 valid responses were received. The prevalence of diagnosed DES was 2.9% in men and 9.3% in women. For subjective DES, the prevalence was 14.8% in men and 39.8% in women. The odds ratio for DES was high in men and women who used CLs and women whose daily screen viewing time was ≥ 4 h. CONCLUSION: Both diagnosed and subjective DES were highly prevalent in men and women of all ages, particularly among those in their 20 and 30s. CL use was associated with DES in both men and women. Measures to deal with the factors that can be corrected might have a positive effect on the ocular health and quality of life of physical education and sports science graduates.

Clinical Courses Of Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction Due To Gomphocarpus physocarpus Milky Latex-Induced Injury: A Case Series.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical courses of patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction due to Gomphocarpus physocarpus milky latex-induced injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we included consecutive patients who visited Miyata Eye Hospital or Kagoshima Miyata Eye Clinic between October 2010 and August 2017 and had corneal edema caused by G. physocarpus milky latex-induced injury. Patient information and data on central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and treatment were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Five eyes of four patients were included. The mean age was 79.0 ± 7.1 years. All patients complaining of symptoms visited the hospital 1 or 2 days after the injury. All patients had corneal edema; two of the five eyes showed hyperemia, whereas none showed corneal epithelial defect or blepharitis. The mean CCT was 699.8 ± 95.9 µm at the first visit and decreased to 563.2 ± 74.0 µm 1 week after the injury with treatment with topical steroids and antibiotics. The mean ECD and BCVA were 2695.8 ± 191.3 cells/mm2 and 0.22 ± 0.19 at the first visit and 2826.0 ± 132.9 cells/mm2 and 0.10 ± 0.09 one week after the injury, respectively. CONCLUSION: G. physocarpus caused transient dysfunction of the corneal endothelium and thereby, corneal edema. Accurate diagnosis with history taking is important to ascertain the types of plants the patient has touched and to exclude other possible diagnoses.

Effect of topical prostaglandins on the biomechanics and shape of the cornea.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of topical prostaglandin (PG) eyedrops on the biomechanics and shape of the cornea. METHODS: Consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who had been treated with the same anti-glaucoma PG (114 eyes, 57 patients) or ß-blocker (36 eyes, 18 patients) eyedrops in 1 eye alone for more than 3 months at Inouye Eye Hospital or Miyata Eye Hospital. The biomechanical properties of the cornea were measured using a Corvis ST device (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Corneal tomography was measured with a Casia 1 or 2 (Tomey Corp., Nagoya, Japan). The biomechanical parameters and tomographic features of the cornea were compared between PG-treated eyes, ß-blocker-treated eyes, and contralateral eyes using a mixed-effect model adjusted for intraocular pressure and corneal thickness and a linear model adjusted for age, sex, intraocular pressure, and corneal thickness. RESULTS: The PG-treated eyes had a significantly smaller applanation 1 time, the highest concavity radius, and a larger deformation amplitude than the contralateral eyes. Also, the PG-treated eyes had a significantly smaller applanation 1 time and applanation 2 velocity but a larger peak distance than the ß-blocker-treated eyes. There were no significant differences in any of the Casia parameters between the PG-treated eyes and the contralateral eyes. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that topical PG makes biochemical changes to the cornea but does not alter its shape.

Effect of topical steroid instillation on central corneal thickness in eyes with bullous keratopathy.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of topical steroid instillation on central corneal thickness in eyes with bullous keratopathy (BK). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series METHODS: Consecutive patients with BK who did not wish to receive corneal transplantation and were treated with 0.1% betamethasone eyedrops were included. Patients with BK treated with 5% sodium chloride (hypertonic saline) eyedrops served as controls. Central corneal thickness (CCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), BK etiology, and clinical courses from medical records were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the two groups for differences in CCT, BCVA and IOP before treatment and 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS: Eighteen eyes of 18 patients who were treated with betamethasone and 18 eyes of 18 patients who were treated with hypertonic saline were included. There was no significant difference in CCT between the two groups before treatment. The reduction of CCT in the betamethasone group was significantly larger than in the hypertonic saline group at 2 weeks (p = 0.002), 1 month (p = 0.02), and 3 months (p = 0.001) after treatment. Complications such as infectious keratitis and IOP rise did not occur during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Topical steroid instillation reduced central corneal thickness in eyes with BK.

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Recent Progress Worldwide and in Japan.

In this review, the importance of Japanese research on meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is discussed from the perspective of global academic and clinical research on this topic. Many Japanese physicians and researchers have contributed to recent worldwide progress in various fields of MGD research, including pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy. In Japan, recent studies in the field of pathophysiology have provided direct evidence for the hypothesis that lipid composition and reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in the development and worsening of MGD. In the field of diagnosis, slit-lamp examination, in vivo confocal microscopy, and meibography have been widely used in studies from Japan. On the basis of the results of these studies, the MGD working group in Japan has proposed new diagnostic criteria for obstructive MGD. According to these criteria, obstructive MGD is considered present when ocular symptoms, anatomic abnormalities, and meibomian gland obstruction are present. In the field of therapy, devices and drugs newly developed in Japan have been shown to enhance the efficacy of lid hygiene and warm compression. Moreover, diquafosol and vitamin D3 have been shown to be effective for MGD. In conclusion, standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of MGD is necessary to enable all patients with MGD to receive appropriate treatment, and specific diagnostic criteria with cutoff values for each parameter are necessary to standardize the diagnosis of MGD.

Optical Coherence Tomography Examination of the Anterior Segment in a Case of Corneal Perforation and Lens Trauma by Chestnut Burr.

Chestnut burrs, the thorny encapsulation of chestnut fruit, can sometimes cause corneal injuries and ulceration, with poor prognoses. We report a case of corneal perforation and damaged anterior lens capsule due to a chestnut burr, using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). A 67-year-old woman with a chestnut burr injury in her right eye was referred to our hospital. Her right best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.8. Slit-lamp examination and AS-OCT showed perforation involving the endothelial layer at the center of the cornea. The iris and anterior lens capsule were damaged. Cell infiltration was observed around the wound. Bacterial examination showed gram-positive cocci but no fungi. The patient was diagnosed with a corneal perforation and bacterial keratitis. Levofloxacin 1.5% and cefmenoxime treatments were initiated and a soft contact lens was placed to seal the wound. On day 3, there was no improvement in the corneal cell infiltration, but AS-OCT suggested that the inner wound had closed. A culture test revealed the presence of Propionibacterium acnes, which was sensitive to both levofloxacin and cefmenoxime. Therefore, we continued the same antibiotic treatment. On day 26, the opacification and cell infiltration at the center of the cornea had improved. AS-OCT showed healing of the corneal wound with reduction in the central corneal thickness. Her BCVA improved to 1.0. AS-OCT was a valuable tool to noninvasively observe wound shape and detect the presence of any intracorneal foreign bodies.

Detection of increase in corneal irregularity due to pterygium using Fourier series harmonic analyses with multiple diameters.

PURPOSE: To determine steep increase of corneal irregularity induced by advancement of pterygium. METHODS: A total of 456 eyes from 456 consecutive patients with primary pterygia were examined for corneal topography and advancement of pterygium with respect to the corneal diameter. Corneal irregularity induced by the pterygium advancement was evaluated by Fourier harmonic analyses of the topographic data that were modified for a series of analysis diameters from 1 mm to 6 mm. Incidences of steep increases in the asymmetry or higher-order irregularity components (inflection points) were determined by using segmented regression analysis for each analysis diameter. RESULTS: The pterygium advancement ranged from 2% to 57%, with a mean of 22.0%. Both components showed steep increases from the inflection points. The inflection points in the higher-order irregularity component altered with the analysis diameter (14.0%-30.6%), while there was no alternation in the asymmetry components (35.5%-36.8%). For the former component, the values at the inflection points were obtained in a range of 0.16 to 0.25 D. CONCLUSION: The Fourier harmonic analyses for a series of analysis diameters revealed that the higher-order irregularity component increased with the pterygium advancement. The analysis results confirmed the precedence of corneal irregularity due to pterygium advancement.

Outcomes of bee sting injury: comparison of hornet and paper wasp.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of ocular injuries of hornets and paper wasps' stings. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with ocular injuries sustained by bee stings at Miyata Eye Hospital (Miyazaki, Japan) between August 2000 and July 2016 were enrolled. Retrospective data regarding type of bee, visual acuity, and treatment were collected from medical records. Outcomes of the hornet and wasp groups were compared. RESULTS: Five eyes of 5 patients (3 men, 2 women; mean age 44.6±21.2 years [range 9-62 years]) were enrolled. The mean follow-up period was 50.6 ± 57.6 months (range 4 days to 121 months). The causative bee was hornet in 3 cases and wasp in 2. The anterior chamber was irrigated in 2 patients, both from the hornet group. The best-corrected visual acuity at the final visit was no light perception, light perception, and (0.02) in the hornet group, (1.5) and (1.2) in the wasp group. CONCLUSIONS: The hornet group exhibited significantly worse prognosis than the wasp group. Identifying the type of bee is important in establishing prognosis.

Repair of the TGFBI gene in human corneal keratocytes derived from a granular corneal dystrophy patient via CRISPR/Cas9-induced homology-directed repair.

Granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease in which multiple discrete and irregularly shaped granular opacities are deposited in the corneal stroma. GCD is caused by a point mutation in the transforming growth factor-ß-induced (TGFBI) gene, located on chromosome 5q31. Here, we report the first successful application of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing for the correction of a TGFBI mutation in GCD patient-derived primary corneal keratocytes via homology-directed repair (HDR). To correct genetic defects in GCD patient cells, we designed a disease-specific guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the R124H mutation of TGFBI, which causes GCD type 2 (GCD2). An R124H mutation in primary human corneal keratocytes derived from a GCD2 patient was corrected by delivering a CRISPR plasmid expressing Cas9/gRNA and a single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide HDR donor template in vitro. The gene correction efficiency was 20.6% in heterozygous cells and 41.3% in homozygous cells. No off-target effects were detected. These results reveal a new therapeutic strategy for GCD2; this method may also be applicable to other heredity corneal diseases.

Effect of topical 3% diquafosol sodium on eyes with dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the effect of topical diquafosol sodium on eyes with dry eye disease (DED) and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects were consecutive patients diagnosed with both DED and MGD at Inouye Eye Hospital between March and September of 2016. The subjects were administered topical 3% diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution six times a day for 3 months. At each study visit, subjects underwent slit-lamp examination and completed MGD symptoms and dry eye-related quality of life score (DEQS) questionnaires. Meibum quality (meibum score) and meibomian gland loss (meiboscore) were evaluated. Tear lipid layer thickness was measured in both eyes with an ocular surface interferometer immediately after clinic arrival and 20 minutes after instillation of one drop of topical diquafosol. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (3 men, 10 women) with a mean age of 69.5±8.3 years completed the 3-month study. The number of telangiectasia and plugged meibomian gland orifices significantly decreased from baseline after 1 month of diquafosol use. The meibum score and the meiboscore significantly decreased from baseline at 3 months. Also, the lipid layer thickness was greater after diquafosol administration than before administration at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months by 12.2, 11.5, 9.5, and 17.0 nm, respectively, but this difference was only significant at 3 months (p=0.039). The DEQS ocular symptom (p=0.065) and MGD questionnaire (p=0.081) scores tended to be lower than baseline at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution improves DED- and MGD-related signs in eyes with MGD.

Transplantation of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells Cultured on Bio-Engineered Collagen Vitrigel in a Rabbit Model of Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of transplanting bioengineered corneal endothelial grafts in a rabbit model of corneal endothelial failure. METHODS: Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) were seeded on a vitrigel carrier. After Descemet's membrane was removed from the eyes of rabbits, transplantation was done with a vitrigel/HCEC graft or vitrigel alone without cells, or the eyes were left untreated. Slit lamp examinations and measurement of the central corneal thickness (CCT) were performed for 14 days postoperatively. RESULTS: HCECs cultured on vitrigel were strongly positive for ZO-1 and Na+/K+ ATPase. On day 14, the cornea showed mild edema and the pupil margins were visible through the grafts in the vitrigel/HCEC graft group. HCECs completely covered the grafts on day 14. In contrast, there was severe corneal edema and the pupil margins were undetectable on day 14 after transplantation of the vitrigel carrier alone or no transplantation. Proliferation of host cells was not observed in these groups. On day 14, the mean CCT was significantly thinner in the vitrigel/HCEC graft group than in the other two groups (p = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation of a vitrigel/HCEC graft was effective for reducing the corneal thickness and restoring corneal transparency, suggesting the usefulness of vitrigel as a carrier for corneal endothelial cells.

Estimation of Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Japan.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in the Japanese population using new diagnostic criteria, including lid margin abnormalities and signs of occlusion of the meibomian gland orifices as essential signs. METHODS: The participants were consecutive patients scheduled for cataract surgery at Inouye Eye Hospital. All participants were aged 50 years or older. The participants completed a symptoms questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive slit-lamp examination. MGD was diagnosed when both of the following 2 factors were positive: lid margin abnormalities and signs of occlusion of the meibomian gland orifices. RESULTS: The study included 510 participants (205 men, 305 women) of mean age 71.1 ± 8.5 (range 50-93) years. The prevalence rates of symptomatic MGD and total (symptomatic + asymptomatic) MGD were 18.0% and 47.5%, respectively. The prevalence of total MGD increased significantly with increasing patient age (P < 0.0001). The ratio of men to women and the prevalence of systemic disease did not differ between participants who were positive or negative for MGD. For the total MGD group, slit-lamp findings (lid margin abnormality, shift of the mucocutaneous junction, telangiectasia, and plugging) were more frequent; tear film breakup time was shorter; and the meiboscore was higher than in participants without MGD. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MGD is high in the Japanese population aged 50 years or older.

Comparison of laser in situ ketatomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy for myopia using a mixed-effects model.

PURPOSE: To compare the results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia using a mixed-effects model. METHODS: This comparative retrospective study was conducted in 1,127 eyes of 579 patients after LASIK and 270 eyes of 144 patients after PRK who had two or more postoperative follow-ups after 3 months. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), percentage of eyes within ± 0.5 diopters (D) and ± 1.0 D of targeted refraction, and central corneal thickness were compared between PRK and LASIK groups using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Compared with the LASIK group, UCVA in the PRK group was significantly worse in the initial year but was significantly better after 4 years. The average BSCVA was not significantly different between the LASIK and PRK groups after 4 years. The average gain of BSCVA in the PRK group was significantly larger than that of the LASIK group after 2 years. MRSE in the LASIK and PRK groups showed a gradual myopic shift until 6 years after surgery. After 6 years, MRSE in the PRK group remained stable whereas MRSE in the LASIK group continued a myopic shift. The percentages of eyes within ± 0.5 D or ± 1.0 D in the LASIK group were significantly higher than those in the PRK group at 3 months but were significantly lower than those in the PRK group at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: PRK for myopia shows better efficacy than LASIK for myopia after 4 years.

Proposal for a Novel Severity Grading System for Pterygia Based on Corneal Topographic Data.

PURPOSE: To propose a grading system of pterygium severity based on corneal higher-order irregularity (HOI) and to evaluate postoperative changes in corneal irregularity of the graded pterygia. METHODS: In 268 eyes of 226 patients undergoing excision surgery of primary nasal pterygium, Placido corneal topography images were taken before and until 6 months after surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and pterygium size with respect to the corneal diameter were also measured. HOI components within 1.0-, 3.0-, and 5.0-mm diameters were obtained using Fourier harmonic analysis of corneal topography data. With threshold levels when the HOIs for 3 diameters steeply increased, 4 levels of grading from 0 (mild) to 3 (severe) were determined. Associations of the grades with the preoperative surface regularity index (SRI), irregular components (IRRs) obtained from the 3.0-mm diameter Fourier analysis, and BCVA were examined. Time-course changes in the indexes after surgery were evaluated for each grade. RESULTS: There were 62, 65, 41, and 100 eyes in grades 0 to 3, respectively. Preoperatively, the SRI in grade 3 was significantly higher than in the other grades (P < 0.001), and the IRR and BCVA varied with the grade (P < 0.001). Between 1 and 6 months postoperatively, grade 3 pterygia showed significant changes in the SRI and IRR (P = 0.013 and 0.017, respectively), whereas there was no change after 3 months postoperatively in the SRI, IRR, and BCVA for all other grades. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed grading effectively classified the severity of pterygia and evaluated postoperative restoration of corneal irregularity. Using corneal topographic data allowed for objective evaluation of pterygium severity.

Clinic-Based Study on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Japan.

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in the Japanese population. Methods: We undertook a clinical study on the prevalence of MGD in Japan using the same diagnostic criteria as a previous population-based study conducted in Spanish Caucasians. The participants were consecutive patients scheduled for cataract surgery at Inouye Eye Hospital. All participants were aged 50 years or older. Patients completed a symptoms questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive slit-lamp examination. Meibomian gland dysfunction was diagnosed when one or more of the following was present in at least in one eye: absent, viscous, or waxy white secretion upon digital expression; presence of two or more lid margin telangiectases; and/or plugging of two or more gland orifices. Results: The study included 510 patients (205 men and 305 women). Mean participant age was 71.1 ± 8.5 years (range, 50-93 years). The prevalences of symptomatic and total MGD (symptomatic MGD + asymptomatic MGD) were 11.2% and 74.5%, respectively. The prevalence of total MGD increased significantly as participant age increased (P < 0.0001). The ratio of males to females and the prevalence of any systemic disease did not differ between patients who were positive or negative for MGD. For the total MGD group, all slit-lamp findings were more frequent, fluorescein score was higher, tear film breakup time was shorter, and meibo-score was larger, compared to non-MGD patients. Conclusions: Based on the present diagnostic criteria, prevalence of MGD is higher in Tokyo, compared to the Spanish population.

Twelve-year follow-up of penetrating keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) according to the corneal disease diagnosis and the number of PKP procedures performed. METHODS: Five-hundred-and-nine eyes from 403 patients who underwent PKP at Miyata Eye Hospital in Japan from 1998 through 2014, were included in this study. Medical charts were retrospectively examined to ascertain the corneal disease diagnosis and the period of graft survival. Graft survival rates were compared among various corneal disease diagnoses and among the number of PKP procedures performed. Changes in corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. The presence/absence of various risk factors was compared between transparent grafts and failed grafts. RESULTS: The overall rate of graft survival at 12 years was 60.4%. The rates of graft survival in keratoconus was 100%, in corneal dystrophy 100%, in leukoma 70.8%, and in bullous keratopathy 51.7%. The rates of graft survival at 12 years for the first PKP was 65.4% and for the second PKP, 43.4% (p < 0.001). All cases of third PKP and fourth PKP failed within 8 years. Preoperative mean ECD (95% confidence interval) was 2722 (2666-2778) cells/mm2; it decreased exponentially after PKP. Mean ECD was 659 (440-878) cells/mm2 at 10 years. Rejection, trauma, and infection occurred significantly more frequently in failed grafts than in transparent grafts. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term prognosis of PKP depends on the original diagnosis. The long-term prognosis of re-grafting is worse than that of primary grafts. Rejection, trauma, and infection are risk factors for graft failure.

Evaluation of factors affecting visual acuity after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the factors affecting visual acuity after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). METHODS: We reviewed consecutive patients who underwent primary DSAEK for corneal endothelial dysfunction at Inouye Eye Hospital from January 2010 through January 2015 and who had a follow-up of at least 6 months. Fifty-four eyes of 49 patients (24 men and 25 women) were enrolled; the mean age was 72.5 ± 8.7 years. Medical charts were retrospectively examined for best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), intraocular pressure, keratometric value, keratometric cylinder, grade of preoperative corneal edema, preoperative graft thickness, and endothelial cell density (ECD) before and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. A multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors associated with BSCVA at 3, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Explanatory variables included age, sex, preoperative factors (BSCVA, degree of corneal edema, donor ECD, and graft thickness), and factors at each time point (keratometric value, keratometric cylinder, and intraocular pressure). RESULTS: The mean logarithms of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BSCVA preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery were 1.03 ± 0.49, 0.42 ± 0.26, 0.29 ± 0.21, 0.24 ± 0.20, and 0.22 ± 0.20, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative BSCVA alone was significantly associated with BSCVA at 3, 6, and 12 months. CONCLUSION: A better preoperative BSCVA was associated with a better BSCVA after DSAEK, which suggests that DSAEK should be considered earlier than stromal changes such as subepithelial fibrosis occurrence.

MicroRNA-29b Overexpression Decreases Extracellular Matrix mRNA and Protein Production in Human Corneal Endothelial Cells.

PURPOSE: MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. We reported that levels of microRNA (miR)-29 family are decreased in corneas of patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). The miR-29 family regulates the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulation of ECM proteins in Descemet membrane is an important pathologic change in FECD. In this study, we transfected miR-29b into human corneal endothelial cells and tissues and evaluated ECM protein expression levels. METHODS: An immortalized Fuchs human corneal endothelial cell line (iFECD) was established by infection of corneal endothelial cells from patients with FECD with hTERT lentivirus. MiR-29b was transfected into iFECD, and the expression levels of ECMs collagen type 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen type 4 alpha 1 (COL4A1), and laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) were evaluated with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Expression level of LAMC1 protein in miR-29b-transfected donor corneal endothelium was also evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with control, miR-29b expression level after transfection of iFECD was increased to 335.6% (±91.0%), and ECM expression levels were significantly decreased. Compared with control, qRT-PCR demonstrated reduction of ECM to the following levels: COL1A1: 1.9% (±0.4%); COL4A1: 7.1% (±1.7%); and LAMC1: 21.5% (±2.7%). Western blot showed reduced protein expression: COL1A1: 4.8% (±3.2%); COL4A1: 42.5% (±25.0%); and LAMC1: 44.8% (±3.1%). In miR-29b-transfected corneal tissue, LAMC1 protein expression level was decreased to 14.4% (±20.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of miR-29b decreased ECM protein production in human corneal endothelial cells. Thus, miR-29 replacement therapy might be a new treatment strategy for FECD aimed at reducing pathologic production of ECM proteins in Descemet membrane.

Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes of Visual Function and Endothelial Cell Survival After Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty and Penetrating Keratoplasty Using Mixed-Effects Models.

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term outcomes of visual function and endothelial cell survival after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: The cohort included 108 eyes from 97 patients who underwent primary PK and 85 eyes from 78 patients who underwent primary DSAEK at Miyata Eye Hospital in Japan. Uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), endothelial cell density, and four components from Fourier harmonic analysis of topography data (spherical component, regular astigmatism component, asymmetry component, and higher-order irregularity component) were retrospectively compared between PK and DSAEK at each time point for 5 years using mixed-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the effect of PK and DSAEK on visual acuity. RESULTS: Average BSCVA was significantly better in the DSAEK group compared with that in the PK group both preoperatively and postoperatively. Subgroup analyses revealed that average changes in BSCVA from preoperative baseline in eyes with preoperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BSCVA between 0.39 and 1.0 and between 1.3 and 2.0 were not significantly different between the PK and DSAEK groups at all postoperative time points. All components from Fourier harmonic analysis were significantly higher after PK than DSAEK at almost all postoperative time points. There were no significant differences in endothelial cell density between PK and DSAEK after 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: PK and DSAEK provide similar recovery of BSCVA and endothelial cell survival at 5 years after surgery.