Desastre da Samarco e políticas de saúde no Espírito Santo: ações aquém do SUS? / Samarco disaster and health policies in Espírito Santo

RESUMO O presente estudo buscou compreender as ações mitigadoras propostas como resposta ao impacto provocado pelo rompimento da barragem da Samarco na cidade de Mariana, Minas Gerais. Como parte de um estudo maior, este recorte enfoca as políticas públicas de saúde e as cidades de Colatina e Linhares, no estado do Espírito Santo. Por meio de métodos qualitativos, investigaram-se o arranjo político-administrativo que envolve a empresa Samarco, o Comitê Interfederativo (CIF), a Fundação Renova e os poderes públicos, interrogando sobre o papel dos atores na produção de medidas compensatórias e reparatórias. Foram utilizadas a análise de documentos, sobretudo, os relatórios disponíveis no site da Fundação Renova (de março de 2016 a maio de 2018), e sete entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores de referência nas duas cidades estudadas. A análise foi orientada pelo escopo teórico do ciclo de políticas públicas. Identificou-se uma estrutura político-administrativa formulada de forma nitidamente top down, com ênfase na etapa da formulação de políticas em detrimento da entrega de serviços e com pouca articulação entre os atores públicos e da sociedade civil na busca de solução de problemas de saúde.

ABSTRACT The present study sought to understand the mitigating actions proposed in response to the impact caused by the rupture of the Samarco dam in the city of Mariana, Minas Gerais. As part of a larger study, this section focuses on public health policies and the cities of Colatina and Linhares, in the state of Espírito Santo. Through qualitative methods, the political-administrative arrangement involving the company Samarco, the Interfederative Committee (CIF), the Renova Foundation and public authorities was investigated, questioning the role of the actors in the production of compensatory and remedial measures. Document analysis was used, especially the reports available on the Renova Foundation website (from March 2016 to May 2018), and seven semi-structured interviews with leading actors in the two cities studied. The analysis was guided by the theoretical scope of the public policy cycle. A clearly structured top-down political-administrative structure was identified, with an emphasis on the formulation of policies at the expense of service delivery and little articulation between public actors and civil society in the search for solutions to health problems.

Comportamento legislativo e financiamento eleitoral: o caso do desastre da samarco / Legislative behavior and electoral financing: the samarco disaster case / Comportamiento legislativo y financiamiento electoral: el caso de desastre de samarco / Comportement législatif et financement électoral: le cas de la catastrophe de samarco

O presente estudo centra-se na ocorrência dos desastres socioambientais, que estão intimamente relacionados às decisões administrativas e à priorização de resultados econômico-financeiros feitas pelos tomadores de decisão das grandes empresas. O objetivo do artigo é analisar o comportamento dos deputados estaduais do Espírito Santo em um momento crítico, qual seja, o desastre da barragem de Mariana, provocado pela Samarco/Vale/BHP. Busca-se, especificamente, apresentar um panorama geral da produção legislativa, e observar de que maneira o comportamento destes parlamentares pode estar associado às doações de campanha realizadas pelo grupo empresarial causador do desastre. Foram analisadas as 25 proposições apresentadas pelos deputados acerca do caso em análise, entre os anos de 2015 e 2019. Os resultados encontrados sugerem relação entre comportamento legislativo e financiamento de campanha. Os políticos financiados buscaram, sobretudo, interromper as investigações e solicitar o retorno das atividades da Samarco.

This research focuses on the occurrence of socio-environmental disasters, which are closely related to administrative decisions and the prioritization of economic and financial results made by decision makers of large companies. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the behavior of state representatives of Espírito Santo in a critical moment, namely the Mariana dam disaster, caused by Samarco / Vale / BHP. Specifically, it seeks to present an overview of legislative production, and to observe how the behavior of these parliamentarians may be associated with campaign donations made by the business group that caused the disaster. We analyzed the 25 propositions presented by the deputies about the case under analysis, between 2015 and 2019. The results suggest a relationship between legislative behavior and campaign financing. The funded politicians sought, above all, to interrupt the investigations and to request the return of Samarco's activities.

El presente estudio se centra en la ocurrencia de desastres socioambientales, que están estrechamente relacionados con las decisiones administrativas y la priorización de los resultados económicos y financieros realizados por los tomadores de decisiones de las grandes empresas. El propósito del paper es analizar el comportamiento de los representantes estatales de Espírito Santo en un momento crítico, a saber, el desastre de la presa Mariana, causado por Samarco / Vale / BHP. Específicamente, busca presentar una visión general de la producción legislativa y observar cómo el comportamiento de estos parlamentarios puede estar asociado con las donaciones de campaña realizadas por el grupo empresarial que causó el desastre. Analizamos las 25 propuestas presentadas por los diputados sobre el caso bajo análisis, entre 2015 y 2019. Los resultados sugieren una relación entre el comportamiento legislativo y el financiamiento de campañas. Los políticos financiados buscaron, sobre todo, interrumpir las investigaciones y solicitar el regreso de las actividades de Samarco.

Cette étude se concentre sur la survenue de catastrophes socio-environnementales, étroitement liées aux décisions administratives et à la hiérarchisation des résultats économiques et financiers des décideurs des grandes entreprises. L'objectif de l'article est d'analyser le comportement des représentants de l'État d'Espírito Santo à un moment critique, à savoir la catastrophe du barrage de Mariana, causée par Samarco / Vale / BHP. Plus précisément, il cherche à présenter un aperçu de la production législative et à observer comment le comportement de ces parlementaires peut être associé aux dons de campagne effectués par le groupe d'entreprises qui a causé la catastrophe. Nous avons analysé les 25 propositions présentées par les députés sur le cas sous analyse, entre 2015 et 2019. Les résultats suggèrent une relation entre le comportement législatif et le financement des campagnes. Les politiciens financés ont surtout cherché à interrompre les enquêtes et à demander le retour des activités de Samarco.

INbreast: toward a full-field digital mammographic database.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed in the past two decades to assist radiologists in the detection and diagnosis of lesions seen on breast imaging exams, thus providing a second opinion. Mammographic databases play an important role in the development of algorithms aiming at the detection and diagnosis of mammary lesions. However, available databases often do not take into consideration all the requirements needed for research and study purposes. This article aims to present and detail a new mammographic database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images were acquired at a breast center located in a university hospital (Centro Hospitalar de S. João [CHSJ], Breast Centre, Porto) with the permission of the Portuguese National Committee of Data Protection and Hospital's Ethics Committee. MammoNovation Siemens full-field digital mammography, with a solid-state detector of amorphous selenium was used. RESULTS: The new database-INbreast-has a total of 115 cases (410 images) from which 90 cases are from women with both breasts affected (four images per case) and 25 cases are from mastectomy patients (two images per case). Several types of lesions (masses, calcifications, asymmetries, and distortions) were included. Accurate contours made by specialists are also provided in XML format. CONCLUSION: The strengths of the actually presented database-INbreast-relies on the fact that it was built with full-field digital mammograms (in opposition to digitized mammograms), it presents a wide variability of cases, and is made publicly available together with precise annotations. We believe that this database can be a reference for future works centered or related to breast cancer imaging.

Pectoral muscle detection in mammograms based on the shortest path with endpoints learnt by SVMs.

Automatic pectoral muscle removal on medio-lateral oblique view of mammogram is an essential step for many mammographic processing algorithms. However, the wide variability in the position of the muscle contour, together with the similarity between in muscle and breast tissues makes the detection a difficult task. In this paper, we propose a two step procedure to detect the muscle contour. In a first step, the endpoints of the contour are predicted with a pair of support vector regression models; one model is trained to predict the intersection point of the contour with the top row while the other is designed for the prediction of the endpoint of the contour on the left column. Next, the muscle contour is computed as the shortest path between the two endpoints. A comprehensive comparison with manually-drawn contours reveals the strength of the proposed method.

Pectoral muscle detection in mammograms based on polar coordinates and the shortest path.

The automatic detection and segmentation of the pectoral muscle in the medio-lateral oblique view of mammograms is essential for further analysis of breast anormalies. However, it is still a very difficult task since the sizes, shapes and intensity contrasts of pectoral muscles change greatly from image to image. In this paper, an algorithm based on the shortest path on a graph is proposed to automatically detect the pectoral muscle contour. To overcome the difficulties of searching for the path between a lateral and the top margins of the image, this is first transformed, using polar coordinates. In the transformed image, the muscle boundary in amongst the shortest paths between the top and the bottom rows. A comprehensive comparison with manually-drawn contours reveals the strength of the proposed method.