[Effect of age factor on the structure of the wall of the esophagus.]

The structure and cytoarchitecture of the structures of the wall of the esophagus was studied by histological and morphometric methods. We investigated the upper, middle and lower third of the esophagus in people 1 and 2 of the mature, elderly and senile age. It was established that in old age comes the destruction of the epithelial lining, the muscular propria of the mucous membrane. The number of lymphocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes and eosinophils in the epithelium increases by 2-3 times. The content of cells of the fibroblastic and lymphoid series increases in lamina propria and glands. Infiltrates appear in the mucous membrane, microerosions appear. Particularly vulnerable areas are the papillas of lamina propria. In the places of their location the most frequent accumulations of lymphocytes are noted. Among mast cells, the processes of degranulation increase, the number of mast cells with a small amount of granules increases. Inflammation is often found in the lower sections. Age-related changes in the wall of the esophagus depend on the individual characteristics of a person.

[Structure and cytoarchitectonic of the lymphoid tissue of the Appendix of man in elderly and senile ages.]

In recent years in many countries with increasing duration of human life, there is an aging population. In this regard, studies of lymphoid tissue that provides immune processes in the human body, are of particular relevance. It was studied lymphoid tissue of the Appendix person aged 54-81 and 26-35 years with histological and statistical methods. In the older age groups there was a reduction and restructuring of lymphoid tissue with partial modified lymphoid nodules. Most nodules have no light centers to continue the process of blast transformation. In the central zones of the nodules with light center observed mitoses. There is an active migration of the lymphocytes in the lymphatic channel. The condition of the lymphoid tissue of the appendix depends on the individual characteristics of the human body. In some cases, people of advanced age are noted for its complete reduction and closure of the lumen of the organ.

[Morphology and cytoarchitectonics of the popliteal lymph node in people of senile age.]

Histological methods were used to study popliteal lymph nodes in 10 people in senile age (80-91 years). Deep destructive changes of the reticular stroma were noted. The content of cells in the node is sharply reduced. Zones without cells appear. The mantle disappears in all lymphoid nodules of lymph node. There are no dividing cells. Plasma cells in cords are found in rare cases. All structural elements of the node have a similar cellular composition. The sinus of the node is expanded. Collagen fibers grow in the parenchyma of the node, fat cells appear. Morphological data indicate the loss of node functions of lymphocytopoiesis, humoral and cellular immunity.

[REARRANGEMENT OF THE LYMPH TISSUE IN THE MICE SPLEEN AND JEJUNUM WALL DURING THE GROUND-BASED REPRODUCTION OF THE CONDITIONS OF ANIMAL MAINTENANCE IN THE BIOSATTELITE BION-M1 MISSION].

Purpose of the investigation was microscopic examination of changes in cyto architectonics of the spleen and jejunum lymph (immune) tissue in 19-20-week C57BL/6N male mice exposed to some conditions their counterparts had lived in during the 30-d Bion-M1 mission (ground experiment). Local deviations in reactions of the morphofunctional zones of these organs were found. In the spleen, reaction in the centers of lymph nodules generation or the B-lymphocytes maturation zone grows strong. Changes in the cell composition of periarterial lymph sheaths that constitute the morphological site of T-lymphocytes accumulation suggest inhibition of its functional activity. Cell composition of the jejunum wall structure implies a decline of the jejunal immune activity. Our investigation of the organs taken from the ground control mice maintained in the flight BIOS-MLZh module evidences that unceasing noise, hypokinesia, isolation, and paste-like feed weaken general immunity of laboratory animals.

[Age-related peculiarities of mast cell distribution in human esophagus wall].

Mast cells (MCs) were studied quantitatively and qualitatively in the wall of the esophagus (upper, middle and lower portions) of the individuals in the I period of mature age (22-35 years, n = 6) as well as in old and senile persons (61-82 years, n = 10). In all the individuals, the total number of MCs was found to increase from the upper portion of the esophagus towards the lower one. Within the esophageal wall, the total number of MCs decreased in the direction from tunica mucosa towards adventitia. During I period of mature age, the resting MCs filled with granules predominated, while the degranulating MCs were located in the lower esophageal segment. In the individuals of old and senile age, the degranulating MCs were more frequently observed in the upper and lower esophageal segments.

[CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF THE LAMINA PROPRIA OF JEJUNAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE IN C57BL/6 MICE DURING THE RECOVERY PERIOD AFTER PROLONGED SPACE FLIGHT].

The jejunum of C57 BL/6 mice (n = 5) was examined 7 days after a 30-day-long space flight and in vivarium control animals (n = 6). The cellular composition of the lamina propria of the mucous membranes of the villi and crypt region was studied using histological and morphometric methods. It was found that on Day 7 the recovery of normal cellular composition of the lamina propria was incomplete. In the villi, the number of medium and small lymphocytes, as well as of the plasma cells was reduced. In the crypt region, the changes were less pronounced. In the lamina propria in experimental animals the number of large lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, disintegrating cells and stromal cells was increased. The number of eosinophils was reduced.

[CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF THE MUCOSAL LAMINA PROPRIA OF THE JEJUNUM IN MICE SUBJECTED TO THE CONDITIONS SIMULATING LONG-DURATION SPACEFLIGHT].

The cellular composition of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane of the jejunum was examined in the villi (LPV) and between the crypts (LPC). Two groups of male C57/BL6 mice aged 4-5 months were studied. Experimental group of animals (n=8) for 30 days was living under the terrestrial conditions in "BIOS-SLA" blocks and received a paste-like food made with standard feed containing water and casein. The control group of animals (n=6) were kept in standard vivarium conditions and received standard dry pellets. Studies have shown no significant changes in the content of lymphocytes in LPV and LPC in a terrestrial experiment. LPV was characterized by a sharp reduction in the number of plasma cells. In both LPV and LPC the number of eosinophils was increased, while the content of low differentiated forms of cells (blasts and large lymphocytes) was decreased. It is suggested that the changes in the contents of different cell types in ground-based experiment were due not only to the limited mobility of the animals but also to different composition of the feed.

[Esophageal wall structure in people of elderly and senile age].

Using histological methods, the esophageal wall structure and the cytoarchitectonics of mucous membrane were studied in the individuals of elderly (n = 5) and senile (n = 10) age. The control group included the individuals of I (n = 3) and II (n = 3) periods of mature age. It was demonstrated that with advancing age in most cases the destructive processes took place in the epithelium (delamination of the layer, separation of large fragments, formation of microerosions etc.) in most of the studied cases. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils were found between the epithelial cells; the numbers of infiltrating cells was increased 2-3 times during aging. Mucosal lamina propria and the submucosa, in particular, were characterized by the thickening of the bundles of collagen fibers. A two-fold increase in the number of the cells of the fibroblast lineage was found. The number of leukocytes in the lamina propria was increased by the eldery age in the upper and lower parts of the esophagus (3.5 and 1.75 times respectively). The changes in lamina muscularis were manifested by its thinning, delamination and myocyte dissociation. Remodeling of the muscular tunic was less pronounced. The degree of changes increased distally and varied widely depending on the individual peculiarities.

[The structure of the esophageal glands proper in the individuals of elderly and senile age].

Esophageal submucosal glands (esophageal glands proper) were studied in 19 individuals of elderly and senile age (without subdivision according to gender), as well as in persons of I period of mature age (6 to 7 cases in each group). It was shown that the glandular acini contained thin, elongated cells and cuboidal cells between the mucocytes surrounded by the myoepithelial cells. Around the acini, the myofibroblasts were found. The number of fibroblasts and lymphocytes in glandular stroma increased with age. The number of plasma cells was increased with age in the stroma of the glands of the upper part of the esophagus. Small excretory ducts were arranged in groups, often surrounded by the clusters of lymphoid cells. The number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts around the large excretory ducts was found to increase with age.

[Structural organization of the duodenal wall and its lymphoid tissue in the persons of elderly age].

Structural organization of the duodenal wall was studied in older men (aged 70-75 years, n=15), and its lymphoid tissue was examined using the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Deformation, flattening and sparseness of the intestinal villi were identified. Atrophic phenomena in the organ mucous membrane were accompanied by the destruction of the cells of surface epithelium, crypts and glands. Simultaneous infiltration of the lamina propria with lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and malfunctions in a microcirculatory bed is indicative of the presence of inflammatory processes. The duodenum of the elderly persons was characterized by the disruption of the integrity of the lamina muscularis mucosae that lead to the displacement of the duodenal glands from submucosa to the lamina propria. The suppression of cell proliferative activity, decreased blast transformation activity, in the lymphoid tissue of the intestine, along with a high degree of cell destruction, lead to the weakening of local immunity in the elderly persons.

[Morphological characteristic of the of the protective structures of the mucous membrane of some human organs].

Mucous membranes of human respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems of man were studied using histological methods in the autopsy material obtained from 60 persons of both sexes in the age range from the newborn period to the senescent age. It was shown that in addition to the interepithelial lymphocytes of the surface epithelium and lymphoid nodules, cells of the lymphoid series formed a continuous subepithelial layer (upper part of the esophagus, trachea), clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells were found in the stroma of the tracheal glands, around excretory ducts (lymphocytic sheaths), lymphocytes were also observed in the intestinal crypts. The comparative characteristic of the structure of the mucous membranes of various organs is given.

[Morphological peculiarities of interrelations of lymphoid nodules, lymphatic capillaries and lymphocyte migration in the wall of intestine and trachea].

The objective of this study was to identify the peculiarities of lymphocyte migration in lymphoid nodules of the mucous membrane of the caecum and the trachea in autopsy material, obtained from 25 healthy individuals of various ages (from the newborns to the persons of 1st mature age). Also, the tendinous center of diaphragm was studied in 10 healthy rabbits. Using histological methods, the presence of two functionally different types of lymphatic capillaries in the wall of the caecum was demonstrated. The first group includes numerous lymphatic capillaries located around the base of the lymphoid nodules. A large number of lymphocytes in portions enter the lumen of the capillaries, in accordance with the intestinal wall contractions. The second group includes the rest of the lymphatic capillaries, draining the intestinal wall and the capillaries of the trachea, resorbing mainly the interstitial fluid. The migration of lymphocytes from the lymphoid nodules of the trachea was directed, mainly, towards the surrounding tissues. Using the lymphatic capillaries of the diaphragm as a model, it was demonstrated that during the migration of the cells through the endothelium, argyrophilic structures - the stigmata, were formed which disappeared after the passage of the cells.

[Morpho functional state of the peripheral organs of the immune system in rats after the hypokinesia and in the period of rehabilitation].

Using the quantitative methods, the remodeling of the cytoarchitectonics of the morpho-functional zones in the grouped lymphoid nodules (GLN) or Peyer's patches and in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were studied in 30 rats after 30-day-long exposure to hypokinesia and during the period of rehabilitation (30 days after hypokinesia discontinuation). It was found that following the hypokinesia the germinal centers in lymphoid nodules in GLN retained the lymphocytopoiesis, while in the internodular zone the proportion of immature cells was increased and plasma cells appeared. In the similar structural zones of MLN, the complete suppression of lymphocytopoiesis and T-cell maturation was noted. During the rehabilitation period, the cytoarchitectonic indexes recovery was more pronounced in GLN than in MLN. However, the quantitative parameters of their cellular composition did not reach the values found in the group of intact of animals.

[Age-related dynamics of morphofunctional state of the lymphoid tissue in the wall of human ureter].

Cellular composition of the lymphoid tissue in the ureteral epithelium and lamina propria was studied morphometrically in human postnatal ontogenesis using autopsy material obtained from 32 males of different age (from the neonatal period to the II period of mature age). Lymphoid tissue was found to be weakly developed in the ureteral wall during the studied period of human life. Processes of lymphocytopoiesis were not expressed, while there was high activity of cellular destruction. The reduction of the plasma cell numbers by the II period of mature age is a manifestation of a general decrease of functional activity of the lymphoid tissue in the wall of the ureter.

[Morphological peculiarities of mesenteric lymph nodes in hypokinesia modeling].

Using histological methods, qualitative and quantitative changes in cell composition were studied in mesenteric lymph nodes in 20 male Wistar rats after experimental 30 days-long hypokinesia, and in 10 rats 1 month following the cessation of mobility restriction. Hypokinesia was found to result in massive destruction of lymphoid cells in the structural organ zones, suppression of lymphocytopoiesis, reduction in plasma cell and macrophage numbers, indicating the dampening of the immune reactions, however the full restoration of the cytoarchitectonics in the structural zones of lymph nodes did not take part 30 days following the cessation of hypokinesia.

Structure of gastric wall in wistar rats in health and after experimental traumatic brain injury.

The structure of gastric wall was studied by histological methods in Wistar rats in health and after skull trephination and insertion of a needle into the brain. Experimental brain injury led to the development of destructive changes in the gastric wall (in the lymphoid structures located between the gland bottoms and muscle plate of the mucosa). Changes in the structure of cardiac glands and desquamation of the epithelium were detected. Microcirculation was disordered, signs of inflammation appeared. The counts of medium-sized lymphocytes and plasma cells increased in the layer of lymphoid cells and in the submucosa.

[Structures ensuring blood flow control in the vessels of microcirculatory bed].

The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-functional mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed in various organs of man and animals (rabbitts and dogs). Ranvier's and Rasskazova's methods of silver nitrate impregnation, histological section staining with hematoxylin-eosin and after van Gieson, Gomori's method for demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases were used to detect the presence of the structures within the vessels of the microcirculatory bed that are capable of changing the blood flow through their lumen. These mechanisms can be temporary, and their activity is associated with the functional state of the endothelium (presence of microprojections, endotheliocyte swelling, changes of endotheliocyte orientation and laminar surface size). Permanent structures are located in microvessel walls (sphincters) and they possess high activity of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterses. Arteriolar-venular anostomoses, direct transition of arterioles into the venules and peculiarities of microvessel branching are also attributed to the mechanisms of blood redistribution. Under pathological conditions some additional structures may develop that include polyp-like structures in capillaries and venules, intimal cushions, ampule-like expansions of the arterioles, varicose widening of venular orifices and vascular glomeruli.

[Rat spleen cellular composition after water baths]. / Izmeneniia kletochnogo sostava selezenki belykh krys pod vliianiem presnykh vann.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fresh water baths on rat spleen structural components (lymphoid nodules with or without germinal centers, periarterial lymphoid sheaths and splenic cords). Experiments included the submersion of the cages with outbred albino male rats into the baths containing fresh water at 36-37 degrees C. Histological analysis has shown the changes of cytoarchitectonics in all the splenic structures studied. The number of cells per unit area in the germinal centers of lymphoid nodules was decreased, while that one in the periarterial lymphoid sheaths was increased. The number of disintegrating cells in the splenic cords was found to be reduced. The major effect of fresh water baths on spleen parenchyma was the uniform increase in plasma cell content in all the structural components of the organ. These changes may indicate the activation of humoral immunity.

[On methods for unambiguous assessment of occupational environmental factors in occupational medicine]. / K metodike formirovaniia odnoznachnykh otsenkok pokazatelei faktorov proizvodstvennoi sredy v gigiene truda.

Suggested system to formalize hygienic information is designed for definite and unambiguous assessment of varied totality of occupational environmental parameters in specific object of sanitary supervision; for study and analysis of physiologic, hygienic and clinical dependencies of workers' health state on the work conditions; for further specification of scientifically based prophylactic measures and social economic protection of workers.

[Functional significance of "blind" outgrowths of the lymphatic capillary network]. / Funktsional'noe znachenie "slepykh" vyrostov seti limfaticheskikh kapilliarov.

The work was aimed at the study of the structural peculiarities of "blind" outgrowths of the lymphatic capillaries and to define their role in the pathogenesis of some diseases. In experiments performed in rabbits by studying the resorption of colloidal solutions, suspensions and hen's blood the subsidiary functional significance of the portion of "blind" outgrowths of the lymphatic capillary network of tendinous center of diaphragm was established. The clavate outgrowths with the narrow mouth may accumulate and store the exogenous material in their lumen. It is concluded that they may accumulate the microorganisms that provoke the relapses of diseases.