Elevated calprotectin levels are associated with mortality in patients with acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis is related to systemic inflammation and elevated circulating cytokines. In this context, biomarkers of inflammation, such as calprotectin, may be of prognostic value. AIM: To evaluate serum calprotectin levels in patients hospitalized for complications of cirrhosis. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study that included 200 subjects hospitalized for complications of cirrhosis, 20 outpatients with stable cirrhosis, and 20 healthy controls. Serum calprotectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS: Calprotectin levels were higher among groups with cirrhosis when compared to healthy controls. Higher median calprotectin was related to Child-Pugh C, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Higher calprotectin was related to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and infection in the bivariate, but not in multivariate analysis. Calprotectin was not associated with survival among patients with ACLF; however, in patients with AD without ACLF, higher calprotectin was associated with a lower 30-d survival, even after adjustment for chronic liver failure-consortium (CLIF-C) AD score. A high-risk group (CLIF-C AD score ≥ 60 and calprotectin ≥ 580 ng/mL) was identified, which had a 30-d survival (27.3%) similar to that of patients with grade 3 ACLF (23.3%). CONCLUSION: Serum calprotectin is associated with prognosis in patients with AD without ACLF and may be useful in clinical practice to early identify patients with a very low short-term survival.

Low sodium to potassium ratio in spot urine sample is associated with progression to acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: sodium to potassium ratio in spot urine sample (Na/Kur) is a surrogate marker of sodium excretion that is recommended for the management of patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. AIMS: to investigate Na/Kur ratio and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) in patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis, evaluating its relationship with acute kidney injury (AKI) and prognosis. METHODS: prospective cohort study included 225 adult subjects. Urine samples were obtained within 48 h of hospitalization. RESULTS: AKI at admission was observed in 32.9% of patients and was associated with lower Na/Kur ratio, but not FENa. Among 151 subjects initially without kidney dysfunction, AKI at some point during hospitalization occurred in 26.2% and was independently associated with low Na/Kur ratio at admission. AKI was observed in 44% of the patients with Na/Kur ratio < 1 and only in 8% when values ≥ 2. Na/Kur ratio at admission was independently associated with 30-day mortality, with Kaplan-Meier survival probability of 78.8% for Na/Kur ratio < 1 and 93.6% for values ≥ 1. CONCLUSIONS: low Na/Kur ratio in spot urine sample is associated with progression to AKI and lower short-term survival in patients hospitalized for decompensated cirrhosis.

Vaccination coverage and immunity against hepatitis B among HIV-infected patients in South Brazil

Evidence-based strategies to improve the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination coverage rates might help to reduce the burden caused by co-infection with HBV and human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). In this study, the aim was to evaluate the vaccination coverage and immunity against HBV among HIV-infected individuals in South Brazil, and identify factors that are associated with compliance patterns and antibody reactivity. Three hundred HIV-infected men and women were included in this survey. The patients answered a standardized questionnaire, and vaccination cards were checked in order to assess hepatitis B vaccine status. A blood sample was collected for quantitative determination of antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBs). Participants were also evaluated for their CD4 cell count and HIV viral load. The overall vaccination coverage of HBV vaccination found in this study (57.4%) was lower than that was previously reported in South Brazil. Anti-HBs levels >10 IU/L were observed in 47.0% of the studied population. A significant inequality in the coverage rates and antibody reactivity was found in favor of patients with better economic status. In conclusion, the results indicate the need for improvement in the HBV vaccination coverage among HIV carriers, in particular focusing on low-income individuals.

Vaccination coverage and immunity against hepatitis B among HIV-infected patients in South Brazil.

Evidence-based strategies to improve the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination coverage rates might help to reduce the burden caused by co-infection with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, the aim was to evaluate the vaccination coverage and immunity against HBV among HIV-infected individuals in South Brazil, and identify factors that are associated with compliance patterns and antibody reactivity. Three hundred HIV-infected men and women were included in this survey. The patients answered a standardized questionnaire, and vaccination cards were checked in order to assess hepatitis B vaccine status. A blood sample was collected for quantitative determination of antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBs). Participants were also evaluated for their CD4 cell count and HIV viral load. The overall vaccination coverage of HBV vaccination found in this study (57.4%) was lower than that was previously reported in South Brazil. Anti-HBs levels >10IU/L were observed in 47.0% of the studied population. A significant inequality in the coverage rates and antibody reactivity was found in favor of patients with better economic status. In conclusion, the results indicate the need for improvement in the HBV vaccination coverage among HIV carriers, in particular focusing on low-income individuals.

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers and socio-demographic risk factors in HIV-infected patients in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are two of the world's most important infectious diseases. Our objective was to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) prevalences among adult HIV-infected patients and identify the associations between socio-demographic variables and these HBV infection markers. METHODS: This study was performed from October 2012 to March 2013. Three hundred HIV-seropositive patients were monitored by the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago University Hospital, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The blood tests included HBsAg, anti-HBc immunoglobulin M (IgM) and total anti-HBc. Patients reported their HIV viral loads and CD4+ T-cell counts using a questionnaire designed to collect sociodemographic data. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 44.6 years, the mean CD4 T-cell count was 525/mm3, the mean time since beginning antiretroviral therapy was 7.6 years, and the mean time since HIV diagnosis was 9.6 years. The overall prevalences of HBsAg and total anti-HBc were 2.3% and 29.3%, respectively. Among the individuals analyzed, 0.3% were positive for HBsAg, 27.3% were positive for total anti-HBc, and 2.0% were positive either for HBsAg or total anti-HBc and were classified as chronically HBV-infected. Furthermore, 70.3% of the patients were classified as never having been infected. Male gender, age >40 years and Caucasian ethnicity were associated with an anti-HBc positive test. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed an intermediate prevalence of HBsAg among the studied patients. Moreover, the associations between the anti-HBc marker and socio-demographic factors suggest a need for HBV immunization among these HIV-positive individuals, who are likely to have HIV/HBV coinfection.

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers and socio-demographic risk factors in HIV-infected patients in Southern Brazil

Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are two of the world's most important infectious diseases. Our objective was to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) prevalences among adult HIV-infected patients and identify the associations between socio-demographic variables and these HBV infection markers. Methods This study was performed from October 2012 to March 2013. Three hundred HIV-seropositive patients were monitored by the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago University Hospital, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The blood tests included HBsAg, anti-HBc immunoglobulin M (IgM) and total anti-HBc. Patients reported their HIV viral loads and CD4+ T-cell counts using a questionnaire designed to collect sociodemographic data. Results The mean patient age was 44.6 years, the mean CD4 T-cell count was 525/mm3, the mean time since beginning antiretroviral therapy was 7.6 years, and the mean time since HIV diagnosis was 9.6 years. The overall prevalences of HBsAg and total anti-HBc were 2.3% and 29.3%, respectively. Among the individuals analyzed, 0.3% were positive for HBsAg, 27.3% were positive for total anti-HBc, and 2.0% were positive either for HBsAg or total anti-HBc and were classified as chronically HBV-infected. Furthermore, 70.3% of the patients were classified as never having been infected. Male gender, age >40 years and Caucasian ethnicity were associated with an anti-HBc positive test. Conclusions The results showed an intermediate prevalence of HBsAg among the studied patients. Moreover, the associations between the anti-HBc marker and socio-demographic factors suggest a need for HBV immunization among these HIV-positive individuals, who are likely to have HIV/HBV coinfection. .

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, microalbuminúria e terapia anti-hipertensiva / Systemic arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria and anti-hypertensive therapy

Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de microalbuminúria em pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), relacionando-a com tipo de terapia, classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas e duração do tratamento.Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado de abril a setembro de 2006, com 153 hipertensos nos Ambulatórios de Clínica Médica e de Cardiologia do HU-UFSC, analisando variáveis como idade (geriátrico > 60 anos / não geriátrico < 60 anos), sexo, raça, duração do tratamento, nível de pressão arterial, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tipos de terapia, classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas e excreção urinária de albumina.Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (103/153 (67,3%)), da raça branca (134/153 (87,6%)), com proporção semelhante entre os grupos geriátrico e não geriátrico (51% e 49%, respectivamente), sendo a dislipidemia (111/153 (72,5%)) o fator de risco cardiovascular mais freqüente. A prevalência de microalbuminúria foi de 13,7% (21/153). A terapia dupla foi mais freqüente (70/153 (45,8%)), inclusive nos indivíduos com e sem microalbuminúria (13/21 (61,9%) e 57/132 (43,1%), respectivamente), seguida pela terapia tripla no primeiro grupo (4/21 (19,0%) e monoterapia no segundo (49/153 (37,1%)). Os anti-hipertensivos mais usados foram diuréticos tiazídicos (92/153 (60,1%)), inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (87/153 (56,9%)) e beta-bloqueadores (59/153 (38,6%)), padrão observado no grupo com microalbuminúria (13/21 (61,9%), 10/21 (47,6%) e 9/21 (42,8%), respectivamente) e sem microalbuminúria (79/132 (59,8%), 77/132 (58,3%), 50/132 (37,8%)). Não houve relação entre duração do tratamento e presença de microalbuminúria.Conclusões: A prevalência de microalbuminúria foi de 13,7%. A freqüência de terapia com duas ou três classes de drogas foi proporcionalmente maior no grupo com microalbuminúria. As classes de drogas tiveram distribuição semelhante entre os dois grupos, exceto os IECA.

Anticorpos contra o citoplasma de neutrófilos / Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Os auto-anticorpos antiantígenos citoplasmáticos de neutrófilos (ANCA) têm importante associação ao diagnóstico e possível monitoramento de uma significante parcela de doenças auto-imunes. A Proteinase 3 é o principal antígeno presente no tipo demarcação citoplasmática granular difusa (c-ANCA), e a Mieloperoxidase na marcação perinuclear (p-ANCA) em ensaios de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) em neutrófilos fixados em etanol. A vasculite sistêmica compreende uma série de síndromes caracterizadas por dividir uma base histopatológica comum: inflamação nos vasos sangüíneos resultando em obstrução vascular com subseqüente isquemia e enfartamento tissular. A vasculite constitui um grupo heterogêneo de doenças que possuem como característica comum à inflamação destrutiva da parede de vasos sangüíneos. O papel potencializador de ANCA sobre as lesões é descrito em estágios iniciais de vasculite sistêmica pelo fato deste promover o recrutamento e adesões entre neutrófilos e células endoteliais.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo enfocar o papel do c-ANCA e p-ANCA no diagnóstico laboratorial de Vasculite Sistêmica e o levantamento de exames efetuados no período de 16/04/04 a 20/04/06 para estes mesmos marcadores no laboratório de ImunologiaClínica do Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago. Neste levantamento pudemos constatar uma reduzida parcela de resultados positivos para c-ANCA (15%) e p-ANCA (39%), fato este devido à larga gama de doenças com sintomatologias semelhantes às doenças relacionadas à ANCA, possuindo, porém ANCA negativo.A avaliação clínica é importante no manejo de doenças auto-imunes, mas o laboratório representa papel decisivo na avaliação dessas doenças. Testes laboratoriais auxiliam ao estabelecer o diagnóstico, na monitorização do curso da doença, na predição de sua evolução,na decisão acerca da terapêutica, na avaliação da resposta à terapia e também para o estudo da etiologia ou patogênese das doenças auto-imunes