Effective section on grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) attacked by Xylotrechus arvicola Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) grubs: Influence and effects on its resistance.

Xylotrechus arvicola Olivier 1795 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an insect pest that affects Vitis vinifera L. 1753 (Vitales: Vitaceae) plants in the main wine-producing regions of Spain. X. arvicola larvae bore into grapevine wood, causing both direct damage (ingestion of vascular tissues) and indirect damages (introduction of wood fungi) to the plant. The aim of research was to evaluate the effective section of wood damaged by larvae and assess its resistance capacity through compression tests and loading and breaking times. Compressive tests (on trunks) and flexural tests (on branches) were performed to evaluate the effective section. Trunk samples exhibited a higher effective section than branches samples, with effective section percentages ranging from 91.49 % to 93.53 % in trunks and decreasing from 84.91 % to 86.95 % in branches. Both loading times (Time 1) and breakage times (Time 2) increased with the effective section of the wood, although these times were lower in damaged wood samples of both trunks and branches. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the interactions between loading time x effective section and breakage time x effective section in dry trunks. This indicates a stronger relationship between the effective section and increased resistance in trunks. The results suggest that, in 'Tempranillo' variety, branches with a lower effective section are more prone to breakage when affected by X. arvicola larvae, whereas trunks, with a greater effective section, maintain better stability. This research should be continued with the evaluation of other vine varieties and different years of X. arvicola attacks, as the current findings are based on a single variety ('Tempranillo') over a period of ten years.

Performance of graphene oxide as a water-repellent coating nanomaterial to extend the service life of concrete structures.

Surface treatments help to protect the built heritage against damage (environmental, accidental, etc.), reducing repair and restitution costs and increasing the useful life of building materials. The use of nanomaterials is currently the most important field of research in surface treatment technology for the preservation of building materials and, more specifically, to improve their durability and prevent their deterioration, extending their useful life. This paper studies the influence of a graphene oxide (GO) suspension as a surface treatment on the properties of concrete. The results indicate that, at best, surface treatment with GO can decrease both the water absorption and capillary absorption of concrete by about 15 %. The increase in the amount of GO deposited as a surface treatment leads to a further reduction in concrete water absorption. It is shown that, at best, GO coating also reduces water penetration at low and high pressures by approximately 20 % and 60 %, respectively. In addition, scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that GO surface treatment facilitates the hydration process and densifies the concrete microstructure. A simple aqueous suspension of GO is revealed as a tool with a high potential to protect concrete surfaces in a fast and cost-effective way, thanks to the easy application by spraying and the small amount of material needed to obtain great results.

Biotreatments Using Microbial Mixed Cultures with Crude Glycerol and Waste Pinewood as Carbon Sources: Influence of Application on the Durability of Recycled Concrete.

Two eco-friendly healing bioproducts generated from microbial mixed cultures (MMC) for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were used as surface treatments, with two residual materials used as the substrates, namely crude glycerol and pinewood bio-oil. Their ability to improve the durability of concrete samples containing recycled aggregates was assessed. To determine this protective capacity, 180 samples were analyzed using different tests, such as water penetration under pressure, capillary absorption, freeze-thaw and water droplet absorption test. Three types of conditions were used: outdoor-indoor exposure, re-application of biopolymers and application in vertical exposure conditions. The results showed reductions of up to 50% in the water penetration test and a delay in the water droplet absorption test of up to 150 times relative to the reference. The surface application of these bioproducts significantly reduced the degree of water penetration in recycled concrete, increasing its useful lifespan and proving to be a promising treatment for protecting concrete surfaces.