Kaempferol and Biomodified Kaempferol from Sophora japonica Extract as Potential Sources of Anti-Cancer Polyphenolics against High Grade Glioma Cell Lines.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract of Sophora japonica by two glycosyl hydrolases (hesperidinase and galactosidase) was performed in order to obtain kaempferol (KPF)-enriched extract with an enhanced anticancer activity. The current study examined the effectiveness of both Sophora japonica extracts (before (KPF-BBR) and after (KPF-ABR) bioconversion reactions) in reducing cell viability and inducing apoptosis in human high-degree gliomas in vitro. Cytotoxicity was determined using an MTT assay. The effects of both compounds on the proliferation of glioma cell lines were measured using trypan blue exclusion, flow cytometry for cell cycle, wound healing (WH), and neurosphere formation assays. Cellular apoptosis was detected by DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine exposure. qPCR and luciferase assays evaluated NF-kB pathway inhibition. The survival rate of NG-97 and U-251 cells significantly decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after the addition of KPF-BBR or KPF-ABR. Thus, a 50% reduction was observed in NG-97 cells at 800 µM (KPF-BBR) and 600 µM (KPF-ABR) after 72 h. Both compounds presented an IC50 of 1800 µM for U251 after 72 h. The above IC50 values were used in all of the following analyses. Neither of the KPF presented significant inhibitory effects on the non-tumoral cells (HDFa). However, after 24 h, both extracts (KPF-BBR and KPF-ABR) significantly inhibited the migration and proliferation of NG-97 and U-251 cells. In addition, MMP-9 was downregulated in glioma cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) plus KPF-BBR and TPA+KPF-ABR compared with the TPA-treated cells. Both KPF-BBR and KPF-ABR significantly inhibited the proliferation of glioma stem cells (neurospheres) after 24 h. DNA fragmentation assays demonstrated that the apoptotic ratio of KPF-ABR-treated cell lines was significantly higher than in the control groups, especially NG-97, which is not TMZ resistant. In fact, the flow cytometric analysis indicated that KPF-BBR and KPF-ABR induced significant apoptosis in both glioma cells. In addition, both KPF induced S and G2/M cell cycle arrest in the U251 cells. The qPCR and luciferase assays showed that both KPFs downregulated TRAF6, IRAK2, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, indicating an inhibitory effect on the NF-kB pathway. Our findings suggest that both KPF-BBR and KPF-ABR can confer anti-tumoral effects on human cell glioma cells by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis, which is related to the NF-κB-mediated pathway. The KPF-enriched extract (KPF-ABR) showed an increased inhibitory effect on the cell migration and invasion, characterizing it as the best antitumor candidate.

Equivalencia terapéutica in vitro e in vivo de rivaroxabán tabletas / In Vitro and in Vivo Therapeutic Equivalence of Rivaroxaban Tablets / Equivalência terapêutica in vitro e in vivo de comprimidos de rivaroxabana

Resumen: Se buscó analizar la equivalencia terapéutica de rivaroxabán tabletas por medio de perfiles comparativos de disolución y de un estudio in vivo comparativo de farmacocinética. Se realizaron perfiles de disolución comparativos para tabletas recubiertas de rivaroxabán de 10, 15 y 20 mg, en tres medios, que se analizaron por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Los resultados se compararon por pruebas de similitud (f2). Para el análisis de bioequivalencia se realizó un ensayo clínico abierto, aleatorizado, cruzado, en ayunas y posprandial en el que se compararon rivaroxabán de 20 mg fabricado por Medley Farmacéutica Ltda. (medicamento de estudio), con rivaroxabán 20 mg fabricado por Bayer Pharma A/G (Xarelto®, medicamento de referencia). La cuantificación se realizó por medio de cromatografía líquida acoplada a la espectrometría de masas en modo MS/MS, con patrón interno de rivaroxabán-d4. En análisis in vitro del perfil de disolución se determinó una similitud mayor a 50, en todos los medios, para rivaroxabán de 10, 15 y 20 mg. En el análisis in vivo se evidenció que la media de la Cmáx, ASC0-1, ASC0-inf para el rivaroxabán de estudio era equivalente al de referencia y cumplía con los criterios de bioequivalencia. Lo anterior demuestra, que, en el rango de pH fisiológico, la formulación de rivaroxabán 10 mg y 15 mg presenta una cinética de disolución similar a la formulación de rivaroxabán 20 mg, en tabletas recubiertas y el análisis de biodisponibilidad permite determinar bioequivalencia entre la formulación de referencia y la de estudio, infiriendo así un mismo efecto farmacológico y equivalencia terapéutica.

Abstract: The aim was to analyze the therapeutic equivalence of rivaroxaban tablets through comparative dissolution profiles and a comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Comparative dissolution profiles were conducted for film-coated rivaroxaban tablets of 10, 15, and 20 mg in three media, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results were compared using similarity tests (f2). For bioequivalence analysis, an open-label, randomized, crossover clinical trial was conducted, both fasting and postprandial, comparing rivaroxaban 20 mg manufactured by Medley Farmacéutica Ltda. (study drug) with rivaroxaban 20 mg manufactured by Bayer Pharma A/G (Xarelto®, reference drug). Quantification was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in MS/MS mode, with rivaroxaban-d4 as the internal standard. In the in vitro dissolution profile analysis, a similarity greater than 50 was determined in all media for rivaroxaban 10, 15, and 20 mg. In the in vivo analysis of the dissolution profile, showed that the Cmáx, ASC0-1, ASC0-inf for the rivaroxaban study were equivalent to the reference and met bioequivalence criteria. Before mentioned demonstrates that, within the physiological pH range, the dissolution kinetics of rivaroxaban 10 mg and 15 mg formulations are similar to the rivaroxaban 20 mg formulation in film-coated tablets. The bioavailability analysis allows for the determination of bioequivalence between the reference and study formulations, inferring a similar pharmacological effect and therapeutic equivalence.

Resumo: Buscou-se analisar a equivalência terapêutica de comprimidos de rivaroxabana por meio de perfis comparativos de dissolução e de um estudo in vivo comparativo de farmacocinética. Foram realizados perfis de dissolução comparativos para comprimidos revestidos de rivaroxabana de 10, 15 e 20 mg, em três meios, que foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução. Os resultados foram comparados por testes de similaridade (f2). Para a análise de bioequivalência, foi conduzido um ensaio clínico aberto, randomizado, cruzado, em jejum e pós-prandial, comparando a rivaroxabana de 20 mg fabricada pela Medley Farmacêutica Ltda. (medicamento em estudo) com a rivaroxabana de 20 mg fabricada pela Bayer Pharma A/G (Xarelto®, medicamento de referência). A quantificação foi realizada por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas no modo MS/MS, com padrão interno de rivaroxabana-d4. Na análise in vitro do perfil de dissolução, foi determinada uma similaridade acima de 50, em todos os meios, para a rivaroxabana de 10, 15 e 20 mg. Na análise in vivo, observou-se que a média da Cmáx, ASC0-1, ASC0-inf para a rivaroxabana em estudo era equivalente à de referência e atendia aos critérios de bioequivalência. Isso demonstra que, no intervalo de pH fisiológico, a formulação de rivaroxabana de 10 mg e 15 mg apresenta uma cinética de dissolução semelhante à formulação de rivaroxabana de 20 mg, em comprimidos revestidos, e a análise de biodisponibilidade permite determinar a bioequivalência entre a formulação de referência e a em estudo, inferindo assim um mesmo efeito farmacológico e equivalência terapêutica.

Mass-Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Discriminates Specific Changes in Lipid Classes in Healthy and Dyslipidemic Adults.

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesterol lipoprotein levels are widely used to predict cardiovascular risk and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study is to determine how the comprehensive lipidome (individual molecular lipid species) determined by mass spectrometry is correlated to the serum whole-lipidic profile of adults with different lipidemic conditions. The study included samples from 128 adults of both sexes, and they were separated into four groups according to their lipid profile: Group I-normolipidemic (TAG < 150 mg/dL, LDL-C < 160 mg/dL and HDL-c > 40 mg/dL); Group II-isolated hypertriglyceridemia (TAG ≥ 150 mg/dL); Group III-isolated hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL) and Group IV-mixed dyslipidemia. An untargeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach was applied to determine the lipidomic signature of 32 healthy and 96 dyslipidemic adults. Limma linear regression was used to predict the correlation of serum TAGs and cholesterol lipoprotein levels with the abundance of the identified MS-annotated lipids found in the subgroups of subjects. Serum TAG levels of dyslipidemic adults have a positive correlation with some of the MS-annotated specific TAGs and ceramides (Cer) and a negative correlation with sphingomyelins (SMs). High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are positively correlated with some groups of glycerophosphocholine, while low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) has a positive correlation with SMs.

Urine Metabolites Enable Fast Detection of COVID-19 Using Mass Spectrometry.

The COVID-19 pandemic boosted the development of diagnostic tests to meet patient needs and provide accurate, sensitive, and fast disease detection. Despite rapid advancements, limitations related to turnaround time, varying performance metrics due to different sampling sites, illness duration, co-infections, and the need for particular reagents still exist. As an alternative diagnostic test, we present urine analysis through flow-injection-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) as a powerful approach for COVID-19 diagnosis, targeting the detection of amino acids and acylcarnitines. We adapted a method that is widely used for newborn screening tests on dried blood for urine samples in order to detect metabolites related to COVID-19 infection. We analyzed samples from 246 volunteers with diagnostic confirmation via PCR. Urine samples were self-collected, diluted, and analyzed with a run time of 4 min. A Lasso statistical classifier was built using 75/25% data for training/validation sets and achieved high diagnostic performances: 97/90% sensitivity, 95/100% specificity, and 95/97.2% accuracy. Additionally, we predicted on two withheld sets composed of suspected hospitalized/symptomatic COVID-19-PCR negative patients and patients out of the optimal time-frame collection for PCR diagnosis, with promising results. Altogether, we show that the benchmarked FIA-MS/MS method is promising for COVID-19 screening and diagnosis, and is also potentially useful after the peak viral load has passed.

Serum Predose Metabolic Profiling for Prediction of Rosuvastatin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Volunteers.

Rosuvastatin is a well-known lipid-lowering agent generally used for hypercholesterolemia treatment and coronary artery disease prevention. There is a substantial inter-individual variability in the absorption of statins usually caused by genetic polymorphisms leading to a variation in the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters, which may affect drug therapy safety and efficacy. Therefore, the investigation of metabolic markers associated with rosuvastatin inter-individual variability is exceedingly relevant for drug therapy optimization and minimizing side effects. This work describes the application of pharmacometabolomic strategies using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate endogenous plasma metabolites capable of predicting pharmacokinetic parameters in predose samples. First, a targeted method for the determination of plasma concentration levels of rosuvastatin was validated and applied to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters from 40 enrolled individuals; then, predose samples were analyzed using a metabolomic approach to search for associations between endogenous metabolites and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters. Data processing using machine learning revealed some candidates including sterols and bile acids, carboxylated metabolites, and lipids, suggesting the approach herein described as promising for personalized drug therapy.

Sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of rivaroxaban in plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies.

Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant (orally active direct Xa inhibitor) considered to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism and treat deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and other cardiovascular complications. Bioanalytical methods for rivaroxaban quantification in plasma are necessary for application in pharmacokinetic studies, as well as in drug therapeutic monitoring. In this work, we developed and validated a sensitive bioanalytical method using LC-MS/MS for rivaroxaban quantification in human plasma using an one-step liquid-liquid extraction. The linear concentration range was 1-600 ng/mL. The bioanalytical method was also applied to pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. The results demonstrated that the method is rapid, sensitive, and adequate for application in pharmacokinetic studies.

Antiproliferative activity, isolation and identification of active compound from Gaylussacia brasiliensis

Gaylussacia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Meissn., Ericaceae, is used in folk medicine for treatment of several inflammatory processes and as healing agent. The scope of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of crude dichloromethane extract (CHD) and to identify the compound(s) responsible for this activity. CHD was evaluated and showed a concentration dependent inhibition on all cells lines. Therefore CHD was submitted to several classical columns chromatography providing the most active fraction (FC), inhibiting all cells line at 25 µg/mL. FC was further fractionated affording isolated compound 2β, 3β-dihydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic acid , identified on basis of 2D-NMR experiments and showed concentration-dependent activity and selectivity for kidney and breast cell lines.

Efeito antiedematogênico de óleos contendo ácidos graxos ômega-3 e 6 em camundongos / Antiedematous effect of oils containing the fatty acids omega-3 and 6 in mice

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito antiedematogênico tópico de óleos de semente de girassol, de uva, de prímula e óleo de peixe marinho, os quais apresentam em sua composição os ácidos graxos insaturados das famílias ômega-6 e ômega-3. Os ensaios farmacológicos, conduzidos nas orelhas dos camundongos, foram realizados após a aplicação prévia de um agente edematogênico, o óleo de cróton, e posterior tratamento com os óleos vegetais e de peixe utilizando o controle positivo (aplicação de dexametasona) e o controle negativo (aplicação de solução acetona/água 70:30). Os resultados revelaram valores de redução do edema em 31,5%, 29,2%, 20,4% e 7,3% para os óleos de girassol, uva, prímula e peixe, respectivamente, quando comparado ao grupo-controle negativo. Os óleos de girassol, uva e prímula, quando associados ao veículo cáprico-caprílico, mostraram melhora significativa no efeito antiedematogênico, com valores de redução do edema em 38,2% 40,6% e 30,2%, respectivamente (P<0,05). Portanto, foi evidenciado que o ácido linoleico, o principal ácido graxo da família ômega-6 presente nas amostras, associado com os ácidos caprílico e cáprico possui potente ação antiedematogênica tópica. Este efeito não foi observado para os ácidos graxos de cadeia longa da família ômega-3 presentes no óleo marinho.

(R)-Goniothalamin: total syntheses and cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.

The total syntheses of (R)-goniothalamin (1), a styryl lactone isolated from several Goniothalamus species, via catalytic asymmetric allylation of alpha-benzyloxyacetaldehyde (2), followed by ring-closing metathesis and Wittig olefination and via catalytic asymmetric allylation of trans-cinnamaldehyde (12), followed by ring-closing metathesis are reported. The antiproliferative activities of (R)-1 and its Z-isomer 10 as well as of the synthetic dihydropyranone intermediates 7 and 8 against eight different cancer cell lines are also described.

Efeitos da administração aguda e subcrônica da Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini / Effects of acute and subchronic administration of Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini

As cascas de Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini (Tiliaceae) são usadas na medicina popular como antinflamatório e como anti-rumático. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito toxicológico subcrônico do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico (70 por cento) (CHE) em ratos, pela via oral e intraperitonial.

Enantioselective syntheses of (R)- and (S)-argentilactone and their cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines.

Concise total syntheses of (R)- and (S)-argentilactone have been developed via enantioselective catalytic allylation (ECA) and ring-closing metathesis pathways (four steps, 39% overall yield and 82-84% ee) from 2-octynal and their in vitro activity against cancer cells is described.

Antiulcerogenic activity of some sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Artemisia annua.

Artemisinin 1, dihydro-epideoxyarteannuin B 2 and deoxyartemisinin 3 were isolated from the sequiterpene lactone-enriched fraction obtained from the crude ethanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. These compounds were tested on ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models. Compound 1 did not afford cytoprotection under the experimental models tested. Only compounds 2 and 3 decreased the ulcerative lesion index produced by ethanol and indomethacin in rats. These compounds did not demonstrate antiulcerogenic activity when tested on the ethanol-induced ulcer model, with previous administration of indomethacin, suggesting that the antiulcerogenic activity is a consequence of prostaglandin synthesis increase.

Regulaçäo e modulaçäo da secreçäo gástrica / Regulation and modulation of gastric secretion

O aumento da secreçäo de ácido clorídrico, assim como alteraçöes da integridade da mucosa e dos fatores de citoproteçäo gástrica podem contribuir para a patogênese multifatorial da úlcera péptica. Atualmente, o tratamento desta doença é geralmente baseado na inibiçäo da secreçäo ácida gástrica por bloqueadores do receptor H2 da histamina ou por inibiçäo da bomba protônica ou, ainda, pelo uso de antimuscarínicos. O uso de medicamentos citoprotetores ficou restrito à carbenoxolona e ao misoprostol, que possuem diversas contra-indicaçöes. Portanto, a pesquisa de agentes citoprotetores pode dar origem a drogas coadjuvantes ou mesmo a alternativas para o tratamento com anti-secretores.