Morphological and Morphometric Analysis, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Study in Hep 2 Cells Treated by Resveratrol or Quercetine / Análisis Morfológico y Morfométrico, Estudio de Apoptosis y Estrés Oxidativo en Células Hep 2 Tratadas con Resveratrol o Quercetina

SUMMARY: Resveratrol (RES) and quercetine (QRC), is a promising agent relevant for both cancer chemoprevention and treatment via several signaling pathways, involved in their anticancer activity related to its chemotherapeutic potential, associated with the induction of ROS generation in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis. In our study, we have summarized the mechanisms of action of RES and QRC, and their pharmacological implications and potential therapeutic applications in cancer therapy. After treatment of Hep 2 cells with QRC or RES, the death pathways such as the cytochrome c release, ERK1/2 and IRS-1 pathways were upregulated, while cell survival pathway, including PI3K/AKT were downregulated. The RES and QRC caused oncosis, cells hypertrophy, hypercondensatin of chromatin, rupture of the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Morphometric measurements of some cellular and nuclear parameters showed that RES and QRC induced an increase in cells and nuclear size, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio remained below 1 (N-Cyt R < 1), sign of low nuclear activity. The RES and QRC induced apoptosis of Hep2 cells by increasing of oxidative stress markers, MDA, and by modulating detoxifying enzymes, CAT and SOD. Our study results prove antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of quercetin and resveratrol with regard to larynx cancer.

Resveratrol (RES) y quercetina (QRC), es un agente prometedor y relevante tanto para la quimioprevención como para el tratamiento del cáncer a través de varias vías de señalización, involucrado en su actividad anticancerígena relacionada con su potencial quimioterapéutico, asociado con la inducción de la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) en células cancerosas, lo que lleva a apoptosis. En nuestro estudio, hemos resumido los mecanismos de acción de RES y QRC, y sus implicaciones farmacológicas y posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas en la terapia del cáncer. Después del tratamiento de las células Hep 2 con QRC o RES, las vías de muerte, tal como la liberación de citocromo c, las vías ERK1/2 e IRS-1, se regulaban positivamente, mientras que la vía de supervivencia celular, incluida PI3K/AKT, se regulaba negativamente. El RES y el QRC provocaron oncosis, hipertrofia celular, hipercondensación de la cromatina, rotura de la membrana plasmática y nuclear y formación de cuerpos apoptóticos. Las mediciones morfométricas de algunos parámetros celulares y nucleares mostraron que RES y QRC indujeron un aumento en las células y el tamaño nuclear, la proporción nucleocitoplasmática se mantuvo por debajo de 1 (N- Cyt R <1), signo de baja actividad nuclear. RES y QRC indujeron la apoptosis de las células Hep2 aumentando los marcadores de estrés oxidativo, MDA, y modulando las enzimas desintoxicantes, CAT y SOD. Los resultados de nuestro estudio demuestran las propiedades antiproliferativas y proapoptóticas de la quercetina y el resveratrol con respecto al cáncer de laringe.

Hypothyroidism increases angiotensinogen gene expression associated with vascular smooth muscle cells cholesterol metabolism dysfunction and aorta remodeling in Psammomys obesus.

It has been previously shown that clinical cardiovascular manifestations can be caused by mild changes in thyroid function. However, the implication of angiotensinogen (Agt) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) dysfunction in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular manifestations in hypothyroidism have not yet been investigated. We induced experimental hypothyroidism in Psammomys obesus by administering carbimazole for five months. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and histopathological analysis was performed using Masson's trichrome staining of the aorta and thyroid gland. The expression of the Agt gene and the genes implicated in cholesterol metabolism regulation in the liver and VSMCs was determined by qRT-PCR. Histological observations revealed profound remodeling of the aorta structure in animals with hypothyroidism. In addition, Agt gene expression in the liver was significantly increased. In vitro study, showed that VSMCs from hypothyroid animals overexpressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) and Acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (Acat) 1, with failure to increase the efflux pathway genes (ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member (Abcg) 1 and 4). These results suggest that hypothyroidism leads to vascular alterations, including structural remodeling, VSMCs cholesterol metabolism dysfunction, and their switch to a synthetic phenotype, together with hepatic Agt gene overexpression.

Scolymus hispanicus (Golden Thistle) Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Metabolic Syndrome by Reducing Lipid Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Rats under Hyperfatty Diet.

BACKGROUND: Lipotoxicity is characterized by a metabolic disturbance leading to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Some medicinal plant extracts exert hepatoprotective activity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Scolymus hispanicus or the golden thistle can be considered an important natural source of antioxidants. In traditional medicine, the consumption of this plant is recommended for diseases of the liver and intestines. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of Scolymus hispanicus on a hyperfatty diet- (HFD-) induced metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our experiment focused on the administration of an HFD (40%) in Rattus norvegicus for 2 months and treatment with the aqueous extract of Scolymus hispanicus at a rate of 100 mg/kg during the last eight days of experimentation. In this context, several aspects were studied: the evaluation of blood biochemical parameters, liver function such as lipids and glycogen, markers of oxidative stress (TBARS, carbonyl proteins, advanced oxidation proteins, catalase, and SOD) and inflammation (NO and NFkB), morphological study of hepatocytes in primary culture, and histological study of the liver. RESULTS: Lipotoxicity induced metabolic disorders, both serum and tissue. HFD induced an increase in the total lipids and a decrease in glycogen reserve and an alteration in the oxidant-antioxidant balance. HFD induced an increase in markers of liver damage, which resulted in NAFLD, confirmed by histological study and hepatocytes cell culture. Scolymus appears to have lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It improved glucose tolerance and the condition of fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION: Golden thistle improves glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia and ameliorates hepatic steatosis by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. Its incorporation into a dietary program or as an aliment supplement would prevent hepatic complications associated with an HFD.

[Activation of coagulation in patients with lung cancer]. / Activation de la coagulation chez des patients atteints du cancer du poumon.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anomalies of coagulation (by assaying the factor VIII, fibrinogen, D-dimer and resistance to activated protein C) in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: 101 patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer before treatment and 72 control blood donors were included in the study after informed consent. All coagulation tests were performed on Stago STA-Compact. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 22. RESULTS: The study of the coagulation showed that plasma levels of all coagulation parameters were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. Coagulation was not influenced by the age of patients. No significant difference was found between the histological types in terms of coagulation. Factor VIII level was significantly elevated in stage IV patients compared to stage I + II + III patients. At the cut-off value of 6.22 g/L, the elevation of fibrinogen had a significant statistical relationship with thromboembolic disease (p=0.014) giving an hazard ratio of 3.868, confidence interval [1.358-11.012]. In multivariate analysis the hazard ratio doubled to 6.398, confidence interval [1,970-20,778]. DISCUSSION: Lung cancer patients showed an increase in coagulation factors that resulted in a state of hypercoagulability that was independent of the histology of lung cancer. The elevation of fibrinogen was predictive of thromboembolic disease at the early diagnosis of lung cancer before any therapy.

TRα inhibits arterial renin-angiotensin system expression and prevents cholesterol accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells.

OBJECTIVES: The tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis but is also implicated in atherosclerosis. Thyroid hormone (TH) contributes, via genomic effects, to control of tRAS gene expression in the arterial wall and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We investigated the specific functions of TH receptors-α and -ß (TRα and TRß) on tRAS gene expression in the aorta and VSMCs, and the potential protective effect of TRα against atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using aorta and cultured aortic VSMCs from TRα and TRß deficient mice, tRAS gene expression was analyzed by determining mRNA levels on real-time PCR. Gene regulation under cholesterol loading mimicking atherosclerosis conditions was also examined in VSMCs in vitro. RESULTS: TRα deletion significantly increased expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 subtype a (AT1Ra) at transcriptional level in aorta, a tissue with high TRα expression level. TRα activity thus seems to be required for maintenance of physiological levels of AGTand AT1Raexpression in the arterial wall. In addition, during cholesterol loading, TRα deletion significantly increased cholesterol content in VSMCs, with a weaker decrease in AGTexpression. CONCLUSION: TRα seems to have an inhibitory impact on AGTand AT1Raexpression, and loss of TRα function in TRα0/0 mice increases tRAS expression in the aortic wall. More importantly, TRα deletion significantly increases VSMC cholesterol content. Our results are consistent with a protective role of TRα against atherosclerosis.

Clinico-epidemiological profile and redox imbalance of lung cancer patients in Algeria.

Hypothesis: How are the epidemiologic repartition and the physiopathology of lung cancer (LC) in Algeria? Objective: Our study aimed to establish the clinico-epidemiological profile and evaluate redox imbalance in Algerian patients with LC. Methods and results: Our study concerned 94 Algerian patients with LC treated at two hospitals of Algiers, the capital of Algeria. The clinico-epidemiological profile was established. Moreover, the redox imbalance was evaluated by dosing oxidative stress (OS) parameters in tumor tissues and blood. We noted that the average age was 62.06 years, and 79 among the 94 patients were male, 94.59% of which were smokers. The most common histological type was adenocarcinoma (45.45% of cases), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (37.88%) small-cell carcinoma (4.86%) and other histological types (6.67%), while the most frequent clinical stage was IV (66.95 %). 23 of the 94 patients were exposed to particular risk factors such as masonry products, metal mechanics, coal smoke and so forth. In other respects, the OS parameters: NO (Nitrogen monoxide), AOPP (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) were higher in tumor tissues compared to peritumoral stroma (control), unlike the catalase activity. Otherwise, AOPP and MDA were significantly higher in patients' blood than in healthy control blood, in contrast to the catalase activity. Discussion: The LC has a heterogeneous repartition regarding the sex, age, histological types, the smoking status and professional exposition to risk factors in the Algerian population. Moreover, the oxidative stress impacts the physiopathology of LC.

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Deletion in ApoE-/- Mice Alters the Arterial Renin-Angiotensin System and Vascular Smooth Muscular Cell Cholesterol Metabolism.

Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates gene transcription by binding to TH receptors (TRs). TRs regulate the genes of lipid metabolism and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We examined the effect of TRα deletion in ApoE-/- mice (DKO mice) on the following: (i) the expression of genes controlling cholesterol metabolism and tissue (t)RAS in the liver and aorta and (ii) the expression of these genes and the regulation of cholesterol content in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TRα deletion in ApoE-/- mice led to the repression of genes involved in the synthesis and influx of cholesterol in the liver. However, TRα deletion in the arterial wall suppressed the expression of genes involved in the esterification and excretion of cholesterol and enhanced the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT). The VSMCs of the ApoE-/- and DKO mice increased their cholesterol content during cholesterol loading, but failed to increase the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). T3 addition partially corrected these abnormalities in the cells of the ApoE-/- mice but not those of the DKO mice. In conclusion, TRα deletion in ApoE-/- mice slightly increases the expression of tRAS in the aorta and aggravates the dysregulation of cholesterol content in the VSMCs.

Therapeutic Role of Resveratrol and Quercetin on Aortic Fibroblasts of Psammomys obesus After Oxidative Stress by Hydrogen Peroxide.

In our study, we propose to analyze the effects of resveratrol (RES) and quercetin (QRC) on proliferation markers, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation of aortic fibroblasts of Psammomys obesus after induced oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Fibroblasts were incubated in RES 375 µM and QRC 0.083 µM for 24 hours after exposure to H2O2 1.2 mM for 6 hours. We performed the proliferation rate, cells viability, morphological analyses, cytochrome c, Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK quantification. The redox status was achieved by proportioning of malondialdehyde, nitric monoxide, advanced oxidation protein products, carbonyl proteins, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. The inflammation was measured by TNFα, MCP1, and NF-kB assay. The extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling was performed by SDS-PAGE. Stressed fibroblasts showed a decrease of cell proliferation and viability, hypertrophy and oncosis, chromatin hypercondensation and increase of cytochrome c release characteristic of apoptosis, activation of ERK1/2 and Akt pathway, and decreases in p38 MAPK pathways marking the cellular resistance. The redox state was disrupted by increased malondialdehyde, nitric monoxide, advanced oxidation protein products, carbonyl protein production, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, and a decreased production of proteins including collagens. Inflammation state was marked by MCP-1, TNFα, and NF-kB increase. Treatment of fibroblasts stressed by RES and QRC inverted the oxidative stress situation decreasing apoptosis and inflammation, and improving the altered redox status and rearrangement of disorders observed in extracellular matrix. H2O2 induced biochemical and morphological alterations leading to apoptosis. An improved general condition is observed after treatment with RES and QRC; this explains the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of polyphenols.

The role of homocysteine in seminal vesicles remodeling in rat.

INTRODUCTION: Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been associated with several tissue injuries including heart and liver fibrosis. In these diseases, hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) plays a major role in modulating the alteration of the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), leading to the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Since the effect of Hhcy on ECM of seminal vesicle was not studied, the aim of our research was to check if Hcy can induce a remodeling within seminal vesicles ECM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 22 adult male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into two groups: a control group, which received standard diet and tap water; the treated group received the same diet and water supplemented with solution of L-methionine (200 mg/kg b.w./day) for 6 months. Plasma homocysteine concentration was measured. Histological changes were observed with light microscope. The presence of collagen I and III and metalloproteinases (2, 3, 7 and 9) in the seminal vesicles was examined using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS: Plasma Hcy levels increased significantly after methionine treatment and interfered significantly with body weight in treated rats. The content of fibrillar collagens (I and III) in the wall of seminal vesicles was elevated in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Moreover, we found that hyperhomocysteinemia increased the expression of MMP-2, -3, -7 and -9 in seminal vesicles of experimental rats. CONCLUSIONS: Increased plasma concentration of Hcy accompanied by the accumulation of collagen and upregulation of MMPs in rat seminal vesicles might contribute to the remodeling of seminal vesicles.

[Inflammation in the perivascular adipose tissue and atherosclerosis]. / Inflammation dans le tissu adipeux péri-artériel et athérome.

In atherosclerosis studies, there are few data, especially in men, on the biology of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) compared to that of other adipose tissue (AT), on amendments in obesity, and its possible role in the development of atherosclerosis. We conducted an ex vivo human study on pericarotid adipose tissue-collected in the immediate vicinity (PVATp) and away from the plate (tapas)-and subcutaneous (SC) neck gathered during surgery from patients suffering from atheromatous carotid disease. In addition, we conducted a study in obese Zucker rats (models of obesity and insulin resistance) and Wistar rats subjected to moderate stress. In these models, we collected renal adipose tissue (RAT), epididymal adipose tissue (EAT), and TAPA samples. On all samples, we measured mRNA levels encoding for proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1ß, MCP-1). Our results showed an increase in mRNA MCP-1, TNF and IL-6 in the adipose tissue around atherosclerotic plaques, an increase that was greater in diabetics than in non-diabetic subjects; we noted for the mRNA of MCP-1 in the TAPAp, 3.49×10-2±1.17×10-2ng/ug 18S in diabetic patients compared to 7.26×10-3±1.00×10-3ng/ug 18S (**P<0.01) in non-diabetic patients. In the obese Zucker rat, we found a significant increase in IL-6 in TAPA in obese animals compared to the corresponding controls (4.24×10-5±1.75×10-6ng/µg 18S vs 1.29×10-5±1.55×10-6ng/ug 18S). In stressed rats, we recorded a TNFα mRNA increase in the PVAT and EAT in the stressed rats compared to fatty tissue of control animals, we note respectively, 7.52×10-3±2.8×10-3ng/µg 18S vs 2.62×10-3±0.57×10-3ng/18S and 4.78×10-3±1.52×10-3ng/µg 18S vs 2.02×10-3±0.3×10-3ng/ug 18S. In summary, our work shows an inflammatory state of the TAPA surrounding the atheromatous plaques in diabetic patients. An obesity or stress state promotes an inflammatory profile of PVAT.

Plasma and Aorta Biochemistry and MMPs Activities in Female Rabbit Fed Methionine Enriched Diet and Their Offspring.

This study investigated whether a high Met diet influences biochemical parameters, MMPs activities in plasma, and biochemical and histological remodeling in aorta, in both pregnant female rabbits and their offspring. Four female rabbit groups are constituted (each n = 8), nonpregnant control (NPC), pregnant control (PC) that received normal commercial chow, nonpregnant Met (NPMet), and pregnant Met (PMet) that received the same diet supplemented with 0,35% L-methionine (w/w) for 3 months (500 mg/d). All pregnant females realize 3 successive pregnancies. Plasma results showed that Met excess increased Hcy, raised CRP in NPMet and decreased it in PMet, enhanced significantly proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activities in NPMet, and reduced them in PMet. Aorta showed a rise in collagen level, essentially in PMet, a reduction of elastin content in both PMet and NPMet, and a significant decrease in lipid content in PMet, with histological changes that are more pronounced in NPMet than PMet. Met excess enhanced proMMP-9 activities in NPMet while it decreased them in PMet. PMet newborn presented increase in uremia and CRP and significant rise of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 forms. In aorta, media and adventitia thickness increased, total lipids content decreased, proMMP-9 activity decreased, and proMMP-2 activity increased.

In Vivo Subacute Toxicity and Antidiabetic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Nigella sativa.

Context. Nigella sativa seeds are usually used as traditional medicine for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. Objective. To investigate the subacute toxicity of NS aqueous extract and select its lowest dose to study its antidiabetic effect. Methods. 5 AqE.NS doses (2, 6.4, 21, 33, and 60 g/Kg) were daily administered to mice by gavage. Biochemical parameters measurements and histological study of the liver and the kidney were performed after 6 weeks of supplementation. Thereafter, and after inducing diabetes by alloxan, rats were treated by 2 g/Kg of AqE.NS during 8 weeks. Metabolic parameters were measured on sera. A horizontal electrophoresis of plasmatic lipoprotein was conducted. Glycogen, total lipids, and triglycerides were measured in the liver. TBARS were evaluated on adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas. Results. AqE.NS showed no variation in urea and albumin at the 5 doses, but hepatotoxicity from 21 g/Kg was confirmed by histopathological observations of the liver. In diabetic rats, AqE.NS significantly decreased glycemia, TG, T-cholesterol, LDL-c, and TBARS and showed a restored insulinemia and a significant increase in HDL-c. Results on the liver indicated a decrease in lipids and a possible glycogenogenesis. Conclusion. AqE.NS showed its safety at low doses and its evident antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effect.

Glucotoxicity Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation In Vivo and In Vitro in Psammomys obesus: Involvement of Aqueous Extract of Brassica rapa rapifera.

Context. Brassica rapa is considered as natural source of antioxidants and is used to treat diabetes. Objective. Our study carried the impact of glucotoxicity induced in vivo and in vitro in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in Psammomys and the therapeutic effect of Brassica rapa (AEBr). Materials and Methods. We administered a hyperglucidic diet (30% sucrose) for 9 months and a treatment for 20 days with AEBr at 100 mg/kg. VSMCs were submitted to D-Glucose (0.6%) for 48 hours and treated with AEBr (2100 µg/mL) for 24 hours. We measured, in blood metabolic parameters, the redox statues and inflammatory markers in adipose tissue. Histological study was effectuated in liver. In VSMCs, we measured markers of glucotoxicity (IRS1p Serine, AKT) inflammation (NO, MCP1, TNFα, and NF-κB) and oxidative stress (oxidants and antioxydants markers). Cell viability and apoptosis were estimated by the morphological study. Results. AEBr corrects the metabolic parameters and inflammatory and oxidative markers in blood and homogenate tissue and reduces lipid droplets in liver. It induces, in VSMCs, a significant decrease of IRS1p serine, cyt c, NO, MCP1, TNFα, NF-κB, protein, and lipid oxidation and increases cell viability, AKT, ERK1/2, catalase, and SOD activity. Conclusion. Brassica enhanced the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant defense leading to the protection of cardiovascular diseases.

Myocardial Structural and Biological Anomalies Induced by High Fat Diet in Psammomys obesus Gerbils.

BACKGROUND: Psammomys obesus gerbils are particularly prone to develop diabetes and obesity after brief period of abundant food intake. A hypercaloric high fat diet has been shown to affect cardiac function. Here, we sought to determine whether a short period of high fat feeding might alter myocardial structure and expression of calcium handling proteins in this particular strain of gerbils. METHODS: Twenty Psammomys obesus gerbils were randomly assigned to receive a normal plant diet (controls) or a high fat diet. At baseline and 16-week later, body weight, plasma biochemical parameters (including lipid and carbohydrate levels) were evaluated. Myocardial samples were collected for pathobiological evaluation. RESULTS: Sixteen-week high fat dieting resulted in body weight gain and hyperlipidemia, while levels of carbohydrates remained unchanged. At myocardial level, high fat diet induced structural disorganization, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, lipid accumulation, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and increased number of infiltrating neutrophils. Myocardial expressions of pro-apoptotic Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α], intercellular (ICAM1) and vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM1) increased, while gene encoding cardiac muscle protein, the alpha myosin heavy polypeptide (MYH6), was downregulated. Myocardial expressions of sarco(endo)plasmic calcium-ATPase (SERCA2) and voltage-dependent calcium channel (Cacna1c) decreased, while protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK2D) expressions increased. Myocardial expressions of ryanodine receptor, phospholamban and sodium/calcium exchanger (Slc8a1) did not change. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a relative short period of high fat diet in Psammomys obesus results in severe alterations of cardiac structure, activation of inflammatory and apoptotic processes, and altered expression of calcium-cycling determinants.

Lipogenesis in arterial wall and vascular smooth muscular cells: regulation and abnormalities in insulin-resistance.

BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscular cells (VSMC) express lipogenic genes. Therefore in situ lipogenesis could provide fatty acids for triglycerides synthesis and cholesterol esterification and contribute to lipid accumulation in arterial wall with aging and during atheroma. METHODS: We investigated expression of lipogenic genes in human and rat arterial walls, its regulation in cultured VSMC and determined if it is modified during insulin-resistance and diabetes, situations with increased risk for atheroma. RESULTS: Zucker obese (ZO) and diabetic (ZDF) rats accumulated more triglycerides in their aortas than their respective control rats, and this triglycerides content increased with age in ZDF and control rats. However the expression in aortas of lipogenic genes, or of genes involved in fatty acids uptake, was not higher in ZDF and ZO rats and did not increase with age. Expression of lipogenesis-related genes was not increased in human arterial wall (carotid endarterectomy) of diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients. In vitro, glucose and adipogenic medium (ADM) stimulated moderately the expression and activity of lipogenesis in VSMC from control rats. LXR agonists, but not PXR agonist, stimulated also lipogenesis in VSMC but not in arterial wall in vivo. Lipogenic genes expression was lower in VSMC from ZO rats and not stimulated by glucose or ADM. CONCLUSION: Lipogenic genes are expressed in arterial wall and VSMC; this expression is stimulated (VSMC) by glucose, ADM and LXR agonists. During insulin-resistance and diabetes, this expression is not increased and resists to the actions of glucose and ADM. It is unlikely that this metabolic pathway contribute to lipid accumulation of arterial wall during insulin-resistance and diabetes and thus to the increased risk of atheroma observed in these situations.