The supplementation of female dogs with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 acts as gut stabilizer at whelping and modulates immunometabolic phenotype of the puppies.

Time around parturition is a stressful period for both bitches and their puppies. The use of probiotics has been proposed, e.g., in pigs, to improve health status of sows, their reproductive performances and in turn, the health and performance of their progeny. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact, on both dams and puppies, of a supplementation of bitches with the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB-1079) during the second part of the gestation and the lactation period. A total of 36 bitches of medium and large-sized breeds were enrolled. They were divided into two groups, one of which received 1.3 × 109 colony forming units of live yeast per day. At dam's level, SB-1079 yeast shaped a different microbiota structure between the two groups just after whelping, impacted alpha diversity and some plasma metabolites related to energy metabolism. Regarding reproductive performances, SB-1079 improved gross energy of the colostrum (1.4 vs. 1.2 kcal of ME/g) as well as the concentration of protein in milk at Day 7 after parturition (10.4 vs. 7.6%). SB-1079 also reduced the odds of having low birth weight in the litter. At puppy's level, a modulation of immunometabolic phenotype is suggested by the observation of increased growth rates during the early pediatric period (i.e., between 21 and 56 days of life, 225 vs. 190%) and a decrease of the IL-8:IL-10 ratio after vaccination against rabies (4.2 vs. 16.9). Our findings suggest that SB-1079 supplementation during gestation and lactation has the potential to enhance health of bitches and in turn health of puppies through maternal programming.

Large intestinal nutritional and physicochemical parameters from different dog sizes reshape canine microbiota structure and functions in vitro.

Different dog sizes are associated with variations in large intestinal physiology including gut microbiota, which plays a key role in animal health. This study aims to evaluate, using the CANIM-ARCOL (Canine Mucosal Artificial Colon), the relative importance of gut microbes versus physicochemical and nutritional parameters of the canine colonic environment in shaping microbiota structure and functions. CANIM-ARCOL was set up to reproduce nutrient availability, bile acid profiles, colonic pH, and transit time from small, medium, or large dogs according to in vivo data, while bioreactors were all inoculated with a fecal sample collected from medium size dogs (n = 2). Applying different dog size parameters resulted in a positive association between size and gas or SCFA production, as well as distinct microbiota profiles as revealed by 16S Metabarcoding. Comparisons with in vivo data from canine stools and previous in vitro results obtained when CANIM-ARCOL was inoculated with fecal samples from three dog sizes revealed that environmental colonic parameters were sufficient to drive microbiota functions. However, size-related fecal microbes were necessary to accurately reproduce in vitro the colonic ecosystem of small, medium, and large dogs. For the first time, this study provides mechanistic insights on which parameters from colonic ecosystem mainly drive canine microbiota in relation to dog size. The CANIM-ARCOL can be used as a relevant in vitro platform to unravel interactions between food or pharma compounds and canine colonic microbiota, under different dog size conditions. The potential of the model will be extended soon to diseased situations (e.g. chronic enteropathies or obesity).

Environmental colonic parameters (such as nutrient availability, transit time, or pH) were sufficient to drive microbiota at the functional level in the CANIM-ARCOL in vitro gut model.Size-related fecal microbes were necessary to accurately reproduce the colonic environment of small, medium, and large dogs.CANIM-ARCOL model can be used as a relevant in vitro tool to decipher the relative importance of microbiota versus environmental colonic parameters in food and pharma studies.

Development of a new antibiotic-induced dysbiosis model of the canine colonic microbiota.

As in humans, antibiotics are widely used in dogs to treat gastrointestinal infections, contributing to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance on both human and animal health. Close contact between pets and their owners can lead to horizontal transfer of gut microbes, including transmission of antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, until now, the impact of antibiotics on the canine gut microbiota has been poorly described. The aim of this study was to adapt the canine mucosal artificial colon (CANIM-ARCOL) model, reproducing the main nutritional, physicochemical and microbial parameters found in the large intestine of the dog to simulate an antibiotic-induced perturbation. Following initial investigation of five antibiotic cocktails at in-field doses, a 5-day regimen of metronidazole/enrofloxacin (ME) was selected for further model development. Two CANIM-ARCOL bioreactors were inoculated with a faecal sample (n=2 donors) and run in parallel for 26 days under control or antibiotic conditions. ME reduced microbial diversity and induced major shifts in bacterial populations, leading to a state of dysbiosis characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, and a decrease in the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Fusobacteriota and Clostridiaceae. Overall, mucus-associated microbiota were less impacted by antibiotics than luminal microbes. Microbial alterations were associated with drastic decreases in gas production and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Finally, the model was well validated through in-vitro-in-vivo comparisons in a study in dogs. The CANIM-ARCOL model provides a relevant platform as an alternative to in-vivo assays for an in-depth understanding of antibiotic-microbiota interactions and further testing of restoration strategies at individual level.

Canine Mucosal Artificial Colon: development of a new colonic in vitro model adapted to dog sizes.

Differences in dog breed sizes are an important determinant of variations in digestive physiology, mainly related to the large intestine. In vitro gut models are increasingly used as alternatives to animal experiments for technical, cost, societal, and regulatory reasons. Up to now, only one in vitro model of the canine colon incorporates the dynamics of different canine gut regions, yet no adaptations exist to reproduce size-related digestive parameters. To address this limitation, we developed a new model of the canine colon, the CANIne Mucosal ARtificial COLon (CANIM-ARCOL), simulating main physiochemical (pH, transit time, anaerobiosis), nutritional (ileal effluent composition), and microbial (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) parameters of this ecosystem and adapted to three dog sizes (i.e., small under 10 kg, medium 10-30 kg, and large over 30 kg). To validate the new model regarding microbiota composition and activities, in vitro fermentations were performed in bioreactors inoculated with stools from 13 dogs (4 small, 5 medium, and 4 large). After a stabilization period, microbiota profiles clearly clustered depending on dog size. Bacteroidota and Firmicutes abundances were positively correlated with dog size both in vitro and in vivo, while opposite trends were observed for Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. As observed in vivo, microbial activity also increased with dog size in vitro, as evidenced from gas production, short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, and bile acid dehydroxylation. In line with the 3R regulation, CANIM-ARCOL could be a relevant platform to assess bilateral interactions between food and pharma compounds and gut microbiota, capturing inter-individual or breed variabilities. KEY POINTS: • CANIM-ARCOL integrates main canine physicochemical and microbial colonic parameters • Gut microbiota associated to different dog sizes is accurately maintained in vitro • The model can help to move toward personalized approach considering dog body weight.

Modulation of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function Fed Different Postbiotics and a Probiotic from Lactobacilli.

It is generally accepted that microbes play a critical role in maintaining gut barrier function, making them ideal to target in order to mitigate the effects of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease with specialist supplementations such as probiotic or postbiotic preparations. In this study, specific strains of Lactobacillus helvictus both live and inactivated and Lactobacillus plantarum inactivated were fed to zebrafish at an inclusion level of 6 × 106 cells/g in order to assess the effects on gut barrier function and protection. Taken together, our results indicate that dietary administration of pro- or postbiotics strengthens the gut barrier function and innate immunity of healthy zebrafish in a strain-specific and process-dependent way. With some differences in the response intensity, the three treatments led to increased intestinal villi length and proportion of IELs, reinforcement of the GC population and up-regulated expression of biomarkers of AMP production and tight junction zona-occludin 2a (zo-2a). In addition, LPPost had an impact on the adaptive immune response, and we hypothesized that it conferred the potential to drive Th17/ILC3 immunity, as suggested by its effect on the gene expression of il22, of different AMPs, and the expression of zo2a. Moreover, LPPost showed the potential to drive Th1/ILC1-like immunity, with a higher percentage of CD8+ cells and higher ifnγ gene expression. In summary, the use of inactivated Lactobacilli species in this study represented a promising strategy for improving barrier function and regulating the immune fate of the intestinal mucosa in a strain-specific way.

Inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri alone or in combination with Lentilactobacillus hilgardii modifies gene expression, fermentation profile, and starch digestibility in high-moisture corn.

Inoculants combining Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii have been shown to improve the aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC) and whole-plant corn silage, but the mode of action of this co-inoculation remains to be elucidated. This study used metatranscriptomics to evaluate the effects of inoculation with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. hilgardii on the bacterial community, gene expression, fermentation profile, and starch digestibility in HMC. High-moisture corn not inoculated (Control) or inoculated with L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 (LB) or L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 combined with L. hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 (Combo) was ensiled in mini silo bags for 30, 60, 120, and 180 days. The fermentation profile was evaluated at all time points. Metatranscriptomics was performed on samples collected on day 120. Combo had a greater alpha diversity richness index of contigs than LB and Control, and inoculation with Combo and LB modified the beta-diversity of contigs compared to Control. Out of 69 genes of interest, 20 were differentially expressed in LB compared to Control and 25 in Combo compared to Control. Of those differently expressed genes, 16 (10 of which were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and six with amino acid metabolism) were differently expressed in both LB and Combo compared to Control, and all those genes were upregulated in the inoculated silages. When we compared Combo and LB, we found seven genes expressed differently, four associated with carbohydrate metabolism and downregulated in Combo, and three associated with amino acid metabolism and upregulated in Combo. At day 120, the inoculated silages had more culturable lactic acid bacteria, higher Lactobacillus relative abundance, and lower Leuconostoc relative abundance than Control. The concentration of acetic acid remained low throughout ensiling in Control, but in LB and Combo, it increased up to day 60 and remained stable from day 60 to 180. The 1,2-propanediol was only detected in LB and Combo. Inoculation did not affect the concentration of starch, but starch digestibility was greater in Combo than in Control. Inoculation of HMC with Combo modified the gene expression and fermentation profile compared to Control and LB, improving starch digestibility compared to uninoculated HMC.

Composition and evolution of the gut microbiota of growing puppies is impacted by their birth weight.

Low birth weight puppies present an increased risk of neonatal mortality, morbidity, and some long-term health issues. Yet it has not been investigated if those alterations could be linked to the gut microbiota composition and evolution. 57 puppies were weighed at birth and rectal swabs were performed at 5 time points from birth to 28 days of age. Puppies were grouped into three groups based on their birth weight: low birth weight (LBW), normal birth weight (NBW) and high birth weight (HBW). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to highlight differences in the fecal microbiota. During the first three weeks, the relative abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as E. coli, C. perfringens and Tyzzerella was higher in LBW feces, but they catch back with the other groups afterwards. HBW puppies showed higher abundances of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides during the neonatal period, suggesting an earlier maturation of their microbiota. The results of this study suggest that birth weight impact the initial establishment of the gut microbiota in puppies. Innovative strategies would be desired to deal with altered gut microbiota in low birth weight puppies aiming to improve their survival and long term health.

Yeast cell wall extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae varying in structure and composition differentially shape the innate immunity and mucosal tissue responses of the intestine of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

With the rising awareness of antimicrobial resistance, the development and use of functional feed additives (FFAs) as an alternative prophylactic approach to improve animal health and performance is increasing. Although the FFAs from yeasts are widely used in animal and human pharma applications already, the success of future candidates resides in linking their structural functional properties to their efficacy in vivo. Herein, this study aimed to characterise the biochemical and molecular properties of four proprietary yeast cell wall extracts from S. cerevisiae in relation to their potential effect on the intestinal immune responses when given orally. Dietary supplementation of the YCW fractions identified that the α-mannan content was a potent driver of mucus cell and intraepithelial lymphocyte hyperplasia within the intestinal mucosal tissue. Furthermore, the differences in α-mannan and ß-1,3-glucans chain lengths of each YCW fraction affected their capacity to be recognised by different PRRs. As a result, this affected the downstream signalling and shaping of the innate cytokine milieu to elicit the preferential mobilisation of effector T-helper cell subsets namely Th17, Th1, Tr1 and FoxP3+-Tregs. Together these findings demonstrate the importance of characterising the molecular and biochemical properties of YCW fractions when assessing and concluding their immune potential. Additionally, this study offers novel perspectives in the development specific YCW fractions derived from S. cerievisae for use in precision animal feeds.

Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota in Equines and Its Role in Health and Disease: The Black Box Opens.

Horses are large non-ruminant herbivores and rely on microbial fermentation for energy, with more than half of their maintenance energy requirement coming from microbial fermentation occurring in their enlarged caecum and colon. To achieve that, the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of horses harbors a broad range of various microorganisms, differing in each GIT segment, which are essential for efficient utilization of feed, especially to use nutrients that are not or little degraded by endogenous enzymes. In addition, like in other animal species, the GIT microbiota is in permanent interplay with the host's cells and is involved in a lot of functions among which inflammation, immune homeostasis, and energy metabolism. As for other animals and humans, the horse gut microbiome is sensitive to diet, especially consumption of starch, fiber, and fat. Age, breeds, stress during competitions, transportation, and exercise may also impact the microbiome. Because of its size and its complexity, the equine GIT microbiota is prone to perturbations caused by external or internal stressors that may result in digestive diseases like gastric ulcer, diarrhea, colic, or colitis, and that are thought to be linked with systemic diseases like laminitis, equine metabolic syndrome or obesity. Thus, in this review we aim at understanding the common core microbiome -in terms of structure and function- in each segment of the GIT, as well as identifying potential microbial biomarkers of health or disease which are crucial to anticipate putative perturbations, optimize global practices and develop adapted nutritional strategies and personalized nutrition.

Gut microbiota development in the growing dog: A dynamic process influenced by maternal, environmental and host factors.

Microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in the health, metabolism and development of their host by modulating vital functions such as digestion, production of key metabolites or stimulation of the immune system. This review aims to provide an overview on the current knowledge of factors shaping the gut microbiota of young dogs. The composition of the gut microbiota is modulated by many intrinsic (i.e., age, physiology, pathology) and extrinsic factors (i.e., nutrition, environment, medication) which can cause both beneficial and harmful effects depending on the nature of the changes. The composition of the gut microbiota is quickly evolving during the early development of the dog, and some crucial bacteria, mostly anaerobic, progressively colonize the gut before the puppy reaches adulthood. Those bacterial communities are of paramount importance for the host health, with disturbance in their composition potentially leading to altered metabolic states such as acute diarrhea or inflammatory bowel disease. While many studies focused on the microbiota of young children, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the development of gut microbiota in puppies. Understanding this early evolution is becoming a key aspect to improve dogs' short and long-term health and wellbeing.

From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota evolve with dog sizes.

Health and well-being of dogs are of paramount importance to their owners. Digestion plays a key role in dog health, involving physicochemical, mechanical and microbial actors. However, decades of breeding selection led to various dog sizes associated with different digestive physiology and disease sensitivity. Developing new products requires the consideration of all the multi-faceted aspects of canine digestion, the evaluation of food digestibility, drug release and absorption in the gut. This review paper provides an exhaustive literature survey on canine digestive physiology, focusing on size effect on anatomy and digestive parameters, with graphical representation of data classified as "small", "medium" and "large" dogs. Despite the huge variability between protocols and animals, interesting size effects on gastrointestinal physiology were highlighted, mainly related to the colonic compartment. Colonic measurements, transit time permeability, fibre degradation, faecal short-chain fatty acid concentration and faecal water content increase while faecal bile acid concentration decreases with body size. A negative correlation between body weight and Proteobacteria relative abundance was observed suggesting an effect of dog body size on faecal microbiota. This paper gathers helpful in vivo data for academics and industrials and supports the development of new food and pharma products to move towards canine personalized nutrition and health.

Effect of live yeast supplementation in sow diet during gestation and lactation on sow and piglet fecal microbiota, health, and performance.

Feeding probiotics like live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (SB) in pig diets has been suggested to preserve health and reduce antibiotic use during critical periods like weaning. This study was conducted to determine whether SB added to the diet of sows during the last 2 mo of gestation and the 4 wk of lactation may contribute to support the health and performance of piglets before and after weaning through changes in sow physiology, milk composition, and fecal microbiota. Crossbred sows (n = 45) from parity 1 to 9 were allocated to two dietary treatments: Control (n = 23) and SB (n = 22). Sows in the SB group were fed the same standard gestation and then lactation diet as the Control sows but with the addition of SB at 1 × 109 colony-forming units/kg of feed. Piglets were weaned under challenging conditions consisting of mixing of litters, no pen cleaning, and a 2-h period of nonoptimal temperature exposure. Blood and feces were collected from sows on days 28 and 113 of gestation and days 6 (feces only) and 28 of lactation, and from piglets on days 6 (feces) and 28 of lactation and day 5 after weaning. Colostrum was collected during parturition and milk on day 6 of lactation. Supplementation of sow diets with SB influenced the fecal microbiota of the sows and their piglets. Five days after weaning, the alpha-diversity was lower (P < 0.05) in piglets from SB sows than in piglets from Control sows. Analysis of microbiota with partial least square discriminant analysis discriminated feces from SB sows from that of Control sows at 110 d of gestation (29.4% error rate). Piglet feces could also be discriminated according to the diet of their mother, with a better discrimination early after birth (day 6 of lactation) than after weaning (day 5 postweaning, 3.4% vs. 12.7% error rate). Five days after weaning, piglets had greater white blood cell count, plasma haptoglobin concentration, and oxidative stress than before weaning (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, SB supplementation in sow diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on most of health criteria measured in blood and growth performance of piglets during lactation and the postweaning period. Moreover, dietary supplementation of SB to sows did not elicit any changes (P > 0.05) in their reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, nor in the concentration of immunoglobulins and nutrients in colostrum and milk. In the present experimental conditions, feeding SB to sows influenced sow and piglet microbiota with no consequences on their health and performance.

Feeding live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (SB) in pig diets is recommended to promote a better health and reduce antibiotic use during critical periods like weaning. Our study was conducted to determine if SB added to the diet of sows during the last 2 mo of gestation and the 4 wk of lactation may contribute to support the health and performance of their piglets before and after weaning. We hypothesized that live SB supplementation to the sows may help improve the health and metabolic status of the sows and consequently the quality of milk and microbiota provided to the piglets. Supplementation of sow diet with SB during gestation and lactation induced modifications in the fecal microbiota of sows and their piglets. For piglets, the effects of SB fed to their mother were still observed 5 d after weaning. These modifications were, however, associated with changes neither in piglet ability to cope with the stress of weaning nor in milk nutritional and immune composition.

Changes to the microbiome of alfalfa during the growing season and after ensiling with Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii inoculant.

AIMS: This study evaluated changes in epiphytic microbial population of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) during the growing season. First cut forage was harvested to study the effects of an inoculant combining two obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria strains on the bacterial and fungal communities and the fermentation of alfalfa silage. METHODS AND RESULTS: The epiphytic microbiome of alfalfa was evaluated 10-times during the growing season. Alfalfa wilted to 395.0 g/kg was treated with water (Control) or with a combination of L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 and L. hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 (LBLH). Mini-silos were opened after 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days of ensiling. The relative abundance (RA) of the epiphytic bacterial and fungal families varied during the growing season. After 1 day, Weissella was the most abundant genus and present at similar RA in the two treatments (average 80.4%). Compared with Control, LBLH had a higher RA of Lactobacillus at day 1, 16, 32, and 64, and a lower RA of Weissella from day 8 to 64. Control contained more bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriales than LBLH up to day 16. Inoculated silage had more acetate than Control at day 32 and 64. The fungal population were similar between treatments. The enhanced development and dominance of Lactobacillus in inoculated silage led to greater accumulation of acetate and propionate, which reduced the numbers of culturable yeasts but did not markedly affect the fungal community structure. CONCLUSIONS: The bacterial community composition of alfalfa stands in the filed changed over time and was affected by cutting. For the ensiling trial, inoculation modified the composition of the bacterial community of alfalfa, increasing the RA of Lactobacillus while reducing the RA of Weissella and of Enterobacteriaceae. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Inoculation increased the RA of Lactobacillus, hampering the dominance of Weissella in the early stages of ensiling, improving antifungal compounds production and reducing the numbers of culturable yeasts.

In vitro models of the canine digestive tract as an alternative to in vivo assays: Advances and current challenges.

Dogs occupy a full place in the family, and their well-being is of paramount importance to their owners. Digestion, a complex process involving physicochemical, mechanical, and microbial parameters, plays a central role in maintaining canine health. As in vivo studies in dogs are increasingly restricted by ethical, regulatory, societal, and cost pressures, an alternative option is the use of in vitro models simulating the different compartments of the canine gastrointestinal tract. This review introduces digestion and gut microbiota as key factors in dog nutrition and health under both healthy and diseased conditions (obesity and inflammatory bowel disease) and highlights similarities and differences between the human and canine digestive tract and processes. We provide the first in-depth description of currently available models of the canine digestive tract, discuss technical and scientific challenges that need to be addressed, and introduce potential applications of in vitro gut models in the food and veterinary fields. Even if the development of some in vitro models is still limited by a lack of in vivo data in dogs that is necessary for relevant configuration and validation, translation of long-term expertise on human in vitro gut models to dogs opens avenues for model optimization and adaptation to specific canine digestive conditions associated with various dog ages, sizes, breeds and/or diets, in both physiological and diseased states.

Microbiota succession during aerobic stability of maize silage inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785.

Aerobic deterioration of silage following feeding out is responsible for the deterioration of its quality. Inoculation of silage with lactic acid bacteria is one strategy to limit these effects. A trial was performed using whole-plant corn ensiled in bag silo, and forage was inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (Lactobacillus buchneri) and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 (Lactobacillus hilgardii) or not (Control silage). After 159 days of fermentation, the silos were opened and the silage was sampled at 24-h intervals during a 10-day aerobic stability assay to measure pH, the fermentation profile, mycotoxins, and microbial and fungal populations. In inoculated silage, lactic acid concentrations and pH remained stable during the aerobic phase and higher microorganism alpha-diversity was observed. Treated silage was characterized by a high abundance of Saccharomycetes and maintenance of Lactobacillus throughout the aerobic stability assay. The high aerobic stability of the inoculated silage contrasted with the decrease in lactic acid contents and the increase in pH observed in the Control silage, concomitantly with an increase in lactate-assimilating yeast (Pichia and Issatchenkia), and in Acetobacter and Paenibacillus OTUs. Remarkably, Penicillium and roquefortine C were detected in this silage by day 8 following exposure to air. Our study highlighted the fact that the use of L. buchneri with L. hilgardii modified the consequences of exposure to air by maintaining higher microbial diversity, avoiding the dominance of a few bacteria, and preventing fungi from having a detrimental effect on silage quality.

Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides supplementation to suckling piglets: Assessment of pre- and post-weaning performance and gut health.

Farmers face difficulties in redeeming their investment in larger litter sizes since this comes with larger litter heterogenicity, lower litter resilience and risk of higher mortality. Dietary oligosaccharides, given to the sow, proved beneficial for the offspring's performance. However, giving oligosaccharides to the suckling piglet is poorly explored. Therefore, this field trial studied the effect of dietary short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS; 1g/day; drenched) supplementation to low (LBW, lower quartile), normal (NBW, two intermediate quartiles) and high (HBW, upper quartile) birth weight piglets from birth until 7 or 21 days of age. Performance parameters, gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids profile of feces and digesta were assessed at birth (d 0), d 7, weaning (d 21.5) and 2 weeks post-weaning (d 36.5). Additional parameters reflecting gut health (intestinal integrity and morphology, mucosal immune system) were analysed at d 36.5. Most parameters changed with age or differed with the piglet's birth weight. Drenching with scFOS increased body weight by 1 kg in NBW suckling piglets and reduced the post-weaning mortality rate by a 100%. No clear difference in the IgG level, the microbiota composition and fermentative activity between the treatment groups was observed. Additionnally, intestinal integrity, determined by measuring intestinal permeability and regenerative capacity, was similar between the treatment groups. Also, intestinal architecture (villus lenght, crypt depth) was not affected by scFOS supplementation. The density of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and the expression profiles (real-time qPCR) for immune system-related genes (IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNFα and IFNγ) were used to assess mucosal immunity. Only IFNγ expression, was upregulated in piglets that received scFOS for 7 days. The improved body weight and the reduced post-weaning mortality seen in piglets supplemented with scFOS support the view that scFOS positively impact piglet's health and resilience. However, the modes of action for these effects are not yet fully elucidated and its potential to improve other performance parameters needs further investigation.

Relationships Between Gut Microbiota, Metabolome, Body Weight, and Glucose Homeostasis of Obese Dogs Fed with Diets Differing in Prebiotic and Protein Content.

Obesity is a major issue in pets and nutritional strategies need to be developed, like promoting greater protein and fiber intake. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein levels and prebiotic supplementation on the glucose metabolism and relationships between the gut, microbiota, metabolome, and phenotype of obese dogs. Six obese Beagle dogs received a diet containing 25.6% or 36.9% crude protein, with or without 1% short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (scFOS) or oligofructose (OF), in a Latin-square study design. Fecal and blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis, untargeted metabolomics, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. A multi-block analysis was performed to build a correlation network to identify relationships between fecal microbiota, metabolome, and phenotypic variables. Diets did not affect energy homeostasis, but scFOS supplementation modulated fecal microbiota composition and induced significant changes of the fecal metabolome. Bile acids and several amino acids were related to glucose homeostasis while specific bacteria gathered in metavariables had a high number of links with phenotypic and metabolomic parameters. It also suggested that fecal aminoadipate and hippurate act as potential markers of glucose homeostasis. This preliminary study provides new insights into the relationships between the gut microbiota, the metabolome, and several phenotypic markers involved in obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions.

Perinatal short-chain fructooligosaccharides program intestinal microbiota and improve enteroinsular axis function and inflammatory status in high-fat diet-fed adult pigs.

Perinatal nutrition programs physiologic and metabolic functions, with consequences on the susceptibility to develop metabolic diseases in adulthood. The microbiota represents a key factor of such programming. We investigated whether perinatal prebiotic [short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS)] supplementation improved adult metabolic health in association with microbiota changes in pigs used as human model. Sows were supplemented with scFOS or not during the end of gestation and the entire lactation, and offspring received scFOS accordingly during 1 mo after weaning. Pigs were then fed a standard diet for 5 mo, followed by a high-fat diet for 3 mo once adults. Perinatal scFOS supplementation induced a persistent modulation of the composition of the fecal microbiota in adulthood, notably by increasing the Prevotella genus. Meanwhile, scFOS animals displayed improved capacity to secrete glucagon-like peptide-1 and improved pancreas sensitivity to glucose without any changes in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Perinatal scFOS supplementation also increased ileal secretory IgA secretion and alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased TNF-α expression in adipose tissue. In conclusion, perinatal scFOS supplementation induced long-lasting modulation of intestinal microbiota and had beneficial consequences on the host physiology in adulthood. Our results highlight the key role of perinatal nutrition on later microbiota and host metabolic adaptation to an unbalanced diet.-Le Bourgot, C., Ferret-Bernard, S., Apper, E., Taminiau, B., Cahu, A., Le Normand, L., Respondek, F., Le Huërou-Luron, I., Blat, S. Perinatal short-chain fructooligosaccharides program intestinal microbiota and improve enteroinsular axis function and inflammatory status in high-fat diet-fed adult pigs.

Fructo-oligosaccharides and glucose homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis in animal models.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation on glucose homeostasis. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the Pubmed-Medline database until April 2016 to identify studies evaluating the impact of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides or oligofructose on glucose homeostasis. Twenty-nine trials were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis was performed on twelve of these papers according to the inclusion criteria. Fasting blood concentrations of glucose and insulin were selected as pertinent criteria of glucose homeostasis for the meta-analysis. The consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides decreased fasting blood glycaemia levels, whatever the metabolic status (healthy, obese or diabetic) and diet (low-fat or high-fat) throughout the experiment. This reduction was linear with prebiotic dose (from 0 to 13% of the feed). Fasting insulinaemia also decreased linearly with fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation but the reduction was only significant in rodents fed a low-fat diet. Potential underlying mechanisms include gut bacterial fermentation of fructo-oligosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial modulation of bile acids, both interacting with host metabolism. This systemic review, followed by the meta-analysis, provides evidence that fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation has a significant effect on glucose homeostasis whatever the health status and diet consumed by animals.

Maternal short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation increases intestinal cytokine secretion, goblet cell number, butyrate concentration and Lawsonia intracellularis humoral vaccine response in weaned pigs.

Prebiotic supplementation modulates immune system development and function. However, less is known about the effects of maternal prebiotic consumption on offspring intestinal defences and immune system responsiveness. We investigated the effects of maternal short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (scFOS) supplementation on mucin-secreting cells, ileal secretory IgA and cytokine secretion of weaned offspring and their humoral response to an oral vaccine against obligate intracellular Lawsonia intracellularis. Sows were fed a control diet (CTRL) or scFOS-supplemented diet during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation. At weaning, each litter was divided into two groups receiving a post-weaning CTRL or scFOS diet for a month. Pigs from the four groups were either non-vaccinated (n 16) or vaccinated (n 117) at day 33. Biomarkers related to intestinal defences and immune parameters were analysed 3 weeks later. SCFA production was assessed over time in suckling and weaned pigs. Maternal scFOS supplementation improved ileal cytokine secretions (interferon (IFN)-γ, P<0·05; IL-4, P=0·07) and tended to increase caecal goblet cell number (P=0·06). It increased IgA vaccine response in the serum (P<0·01) and ileal mucosa (P=0·08). Higher bacterial fermentative activity was observed during lactation (total faecal SCFA, P<0·001) and after weaning (colonic butyrate, P=0·10) in pigs from scFOS-supplemented mothers. No synergistic effect between maternal and post-weaning scFOS supplementation was observed. Therefore, maternal scFOS supplementation has long-lasting consequences by strengthening gut defences and immune response to a vaccine against an intestinal obligate intracellular pathogen. Prebiotic consumption by gestating and lactating mothers is decisive in modulating offspring intestinal immunity.