Progression of chronic kidney disease in non- dialysis patients: a retrospective cohort

Abstract Evidence on factors associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still under construction. The present study aimed to evaluate sociodemographic, clinical, and drug use factors associated with the progression of CKD. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 193 patients with CKD stages 3A to 5- non-dialysis followed for three years in a Brazilian city. The outcome was the evolution to renal replacement therapy (RRT) or death. A total of 52.3 % (n = 101) were men and 83.4 % (n = 161) elderly. The median age was 72.0 years, and 22.3 % (n = 44) progressed to RRT or death, and the three-year mortality rate was 20.2 %. Participants exposed to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers had a lower risk of progressing to the outcome (hazard ratio (HR) 0.25; p = 0.003) and higher survival (p = 0.022) when compared to those not exposed to these drugs. Age (HR 1.06;) and use of omeprazole (HR 6.25; CI; p <0.01) and hydrochlorothiazide (HR 2.80; p = 0.028) increased the risks of RRT or death. The results highlight the importance of rational management of pharmacotherapy for patients with CKD

Omeprazole use and risk of chronic kidney disease evolution.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: In recent years, the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), especially omeprazole, has been associated with development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These drugs are widely used worldwide. Although some studies have found an association between the use of PPI and the onset of acute renal failure and CKD. This study aims to analyze the association between the continuous use of omeprazole and the progression of CKD in adult and elderly individuals. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with patients followed up at a nephrology clinic in Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. Information about clinical and sociodemographic data, health behaviors, and medication use were collected from all patients diagnosed with CKD through consultation of medical charts and the Brazilian health information system (SIS). The participants were allocated into two groups: users and non-users of omeprazole, and the progression of CKD was then evaluated for each group. In the bivariate analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the quantitative variables between groups, and the Pearson/Fisher two-tailed chi-square test to compare the categorical variables were applied. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 199 CKD patients were attended in the polyclinic, and of these, 42.7% were omeprazole users. There was a higher percentage of CKD progression in users (70.6%) compared to non-users (10.5%). The hazard ratio was 7.34 (CI: 3.94-13.71), indicating a higher risk of progression to worse stages of CKD in omeprazole users than in non-users. As for the other variables, no statistically significant difference was found between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: An association between omeprazole use and progression of CKD stage was identified, showing a higher risk of disease evolution among omeprazole users.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a pharmacotherapeutic empowerment strategy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: The economic feasibility of pharmacotherapeutic empowerment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is still not well established. Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an individual pharmacotherapeutic empowerment strategy (IPES) for patients with DM2. Methods: This is a cost-effectiveness study nested in a non-randomized clinical trial with patients ≥18 years of age, of both genders, with low and moderate cardiovascular risks. This study was carried out from the perspective of the municipal health system of Divinópolis in Minas Gerais state, and compared patients submitted to an IPES and patients who received only traditional care, 1 year before the beginning of the intervention (baseline) and 1 year after its completion (follow-up). The costs of the services offered by the municipality were computed, and in the intervention group IPES costs were included. Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) was the effectiveness parameter adopted. Cost-effectiveness ratio analyses, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and sensitivity analysis were performed. Results: In the analysis of cost-effectiveness, it is observed that a reduction of 0.359 in A1c costs US$708.47 in the intervention group and a reduction of 0.170 costs US$1927.13 in the control group. Thus, the ICER is US$387.66 per patient/year. In the sensitivity analysis, it was observed that the IPES was dominant in 19.8% of the simulated scenarios and cost-effective in 80.2%. Conclusions: The IPES is an alternative that presents economic feasibility for the municipal public health system scenario. The absence of randomization in patient selection is a limitation of this study.

What is the effectiveness of post-discharge pharmacotherapeutic empowerment of patients with diabetes?

The objective of the present article was to evaluate the glycemic control of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) after discharge from a pharmacotherapeutic empowerment program. The results suggest that the strategy is effective for short-term glycemic control, but the benefits are not maintained after discharge, indicating the need for the pharmacist's continuous role.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult indigenous population in Brazil: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

To carry out a systematic review to identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult indigenous population in Brazil. The databases used were PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Science Direct, with the following search strategy: "overweight" OR "obesity" AND "indigenous" OR "tribe" AND "Brazil". For the meta-analysis, RStudio® software was used. Were 22 articles included. The combined effect of the meta-analysis studies showed a global prevalence of overweight and obesity of 45%. Approximately half (45%) of indigenous Brazilian adults have excess weight. These findings highlight the need to implement public policies for the prevention and treatment of these morbidities.

Patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus: How is health care?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the recommendations of appropriate health care for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are implemented in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). METHODS: This is a descriptive study conducted between January and March 2019 in Divinópolis, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Patients aged 18 years or older with CKD, DM and/or SAH were followed up at the municipal nephrology outpatient clinic. An interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire to assess care, which was categorized as adequate or inadequate, based on the health care recommendations of the national guidelines for care of patients with CKD. RESULTS: 42 participants with CKD participated in the study. All participants had SAH and 42.9% (n = 18) also had DM. It was evidenced that 81.0% (n = 34) of the individuals with CKD had adequate health care, especially among patients in earlier stages (3A and 3B) and those who progressed to renal replacement therapy. However, 80.0% (n = 8) of the participants in the intermediate stage (stage 4) were inadequately followed up by the nephrologist and multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in intermediate stages do not receive follow-up with a multidisciplinary team at the recommended frequency. The preventive approach of the progression of renal disease in the intermediate stage in the studied municipality was not within the recommendations of the Ministry of Health.

Pharmacotherapeutic empowerment and its effectiveness in glycemic control in patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

AIMS: To develop an intervention and evaluate its effectiveness in pharmacotherapeutic empowerment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHOD: This is an intervention study with before and after evaluation. The intervention was conducted between 2015 and 2016 with users of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil. The study was divided into six stages: initial evaluation, three individual patient-pharmacist meetings every 15 days over 6 weeks, clinical discussion between pharmacists, and final evaluation. At each meeting with the patient, specific themes for empowerment were addressed using educational booklets and pharmaceutical care. Clinical and laboratory evaluations and questionnaires on self-efficacy (IMDSES), self-care (QAD) and distress (PAID-5) were conducted before and three months after the intervention. RESULTS: 47 patients completed the intervention. Glycated hemoglobin of patients had a median reduced from 7.0% to 6.6% after the intervention (p = 0.02). There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the reduction in total cholesterol, fasting glycemia, creatinine and blood pressure. Participants showed significant improvements (p < 0.01) in scores related to self-efficacy and self-care and less distress related to T2DM. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that the strategy developed is effective in promoting the empowerment of T2DM patients, improved glycemic control and self-care.

What is the association between social capital and diabetes mellitus? A systematic review.

Social capital has been included as an element that could influence the self-perception of health, mortality and mental diseases. We systematically reviewed papers that studied the influence of social capital in the control of diabetes mellitus (DM). We included studies published up to Feb. 16, 2017, without restriction of time or year of publication. Quantitative studies were included since they presented one well-defined parameter to evaluate DM and specifically measured social capital. We used the PRISMA and STROBE guidelines to perform this review and to evaluate the quality of papers. Only three papers met the inclusion criteria. All studies adopted cross-sectional design. The population, the instruments used to measure social capital, and the statistical analysis were different among the papers. In conclusion, although social capital seems to be related to DM, more studies are necessary to understand which dimensions are more important in this association, if the association is the same at the individual or neighborhood level, and what kind of population in terms of education, poverty and culture would be more influenced by social capital in DM control.

Effectiveness of individual strategies for the empowerment of patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

AIMS: To identify and evaluate the effectiveness of individual empowerment strategies in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: A systematic review was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and BVS. For meta-analysis and evaluation of Cochrane Risk and Bias, Revman V 5.2 software was used. RESULTS: Eleven studies of 1073 publications met the inclusion criteria. The strategies used were individual consultations, phone calls, sessions via a website and use of a booklet. Glycemic Hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies, and 45.4% of the studies also used the Diabetes Empowerment Scale. Five studies (45.5%) showed significant improvements in HbA1c reduction, improvements in self-efficacy (18.2%), knowledge levels of DM (18.2%), quality of life (18.2%). However, after meta-analysis, no statistically significant improvement was found for HbA1c. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed that individual strategies for DM empowerment were not effective in reducing HbA1c, despite contributing to improvements in psychosocial parameters. Therefore, individual strategies need to be reviewed so that they become effective in DM control.

Collective empowerment strategies for patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and analyze collective empowerment strategies for patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). METHODS: The systematic review was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct and BVS. The term "Diabetes Mellitus" was used with each of the following describers, along with the connector "AND": "self-care", "health education", "motivation" and "empowerment". Inclusion criteria were: intervention study with control group published between 2004 and 2014. For meta-analysis, RevMan V 5.3 software was used. RESULTS: Among the nine analyzed articles, 66.7% (n=6) were developed in patients diagnosed with DM2. Concerning the indicators for intervention effectiveness evaluation, all articles (n=9) used glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the most used instrument was Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities Measure, representing 44.4% (n=4) of the studies. The types of strategies used were similar in the articles. There was evidence of a decrease in HbA1c levels in 66.7% (n=6). The meta-analysis found significant evidence indicating beneficial effects of empowerment. CONCLUSIONS: Programs based on collective empowerment in DM have shown the interventions lead to improvement in clinical parameters, behavior, increased knowledge about DM, and self-care.

Educational booklet on diabetes: construction and content validation / Cartilha educativa sobre diabetes: elaboração e validação de conteúdo

Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) require support for self-management education and care. This study aimed to present the results of the construction and content validation of the educational bookletto be used in an educational program for empowerment of patients with DM. The educational booklet was developed containing the standards needed for self-care in diabetes proposed by the American Association of Diabetes Educators and subjected to evaluation by specialists using the Delphi Technique. The specialists valuation was performed in three stages, an online questionnaire with eight questions was used to get a consensus higher than 80% of all the items that makes up the final material. Later,the educational booklet was subjected to assessment of patients in a pilot study. Twelve specialists in DM participated in the first stage and three items initially did not reach 80% consensus. The booklet was reformulated and six specialists attended the second stage, in which he consensus higher than 80% was obtained. In a third stage, five patients contributed to the assessment of the final version. The educational booklet presents good characteristics of content validate to be used in educational programto empower DM patients in self-management and health care.

Pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) necessitam de suporte para educação e cuidados para autogestão da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar os resultados da construção e validação de conteúdo de uma cartilha educativa para ser utilizada em um programa de educação baseado em empoderamento dos pacientes com DM. A cartilha foi elaborada contendo os padrões necessários para autocuidado em Diabetes propostos pela Associação Americana de Educadores em Diabetes e submetida a avaliação de especialistas utilizando a técnica Delphi. Para avaliação dos especialistas, que ocorreu em duas etapas, foi utilizado um questionário online contendo 8 questões para obter um consenso superior a80% de todos os itens que compõem o material final. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma terceira etapa em que a cartilha foi submetida a avaliação de pacientes em um estudo piloto. Participaram da primeira etapa 12 especialistas em DM e três itens não atingiram inicialmente o consenso de 80%. A cartilha foi reformulada e seis especialistas participaram da segunda etapa, em que foi obtido o consenso de 80%. Na terceira etapa, cinco pacientes contribuíram para a avaliação da versão final. A cartilha educativa apresenta boas características de validação de conteúdo para ser utilizada em um programa de educação para empoderamento de pacientes com DM e na autogestão e em cuidados da saúde.