Factors associated with suffering from dying in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional analytical study among bereaved caregivers.

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, cancer incidence is increasing, as is the demand for end-of-life care. Understanding how patients who die from cancer experience this phase will allow the identification of factors associated with greater suffering and actions to improve end-of-life care. We aimed to explore associations between the level of suffering of patients who died from cancer and were cared for in three Colombian hospitals with patient, tumor, treatment, and care characteristics and provided information. METHODS: Data on the last week of life and level of suffering were collected through proxies: Bereaved caregivers of patients who died from cancer in three participating Colombian hospitals. Bereaved caregivers participated in a phone interview and answered a series of questions regarding the last week of the patient's life. An ordinal logistic regression model explored the relationship between the level of suffering reported by bereaved caregivers with the patient's demographic and clinical characteristics, the bereaved caregivers, and the care received. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for place of death, treatments to prolong of life, prolongation of life during the dying process, suffering due to prolongation of life, type of cancer, age, if patient had partner, rural/urban residence of patient, importance of religion for the caregiver, caregivers´ relationship with the patient, and co-living with the patient. RESULTS: A total of 174 interviews were included. Median age of the deceased patients was 64 years (IQR 52-72 years), and 93 patients were women (53.4%). Most caregivers had rated the level of suffering of their relative as "moderately to extremely" (n = 139, 80%). In multivariate analyses, factors associated with a higher level of suffering were: unclear information about the treatment and the process before death Odds Ratio (OR) 2.26 (90% CI 1.21-4.19), outpatient palliative care versus home care OR 3.05 (90% CI 1.05-8.88), procedures inconsistent with the patient's wishes OR 2.92 (90% CI 1.28-6.70), and a younger age (18-44 years) at death versus the oldest age group (75-93 years) OR 3.80 (90% CI 1.33-10.84, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: End-of-life care for cancer patients should be aligned as much as possible with patients´ wishes, needs, and capacities. A better dialogue between doctors, family members, and patients is necessary to achieve this.

Molecular and Clinical Data of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microorganisms Producing Bacteremia in a Multicentric Cohort of Patients with Cancer in a Latin American Country.

Patients with cancer have a higher risk of severe bacterial infections. This study aims to determine the frequency, susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes of bacterial species involved in bacteremia, as well as risk factors associated with mortality in cancer patients in Colombia. In this prospective multicenter cohort study of adult patients with cancer and bacteremia, susceptibility testing was performed and selected resistance genes were identified. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out for the identification of risk factors for mortality. In 195 patients, 206 microorganisms were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently found, in 142 cases (68.9%): 67 Escherichia coli (32.5%), 36 Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.4%), and 21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), and 18 other Gram-negative isolates (8.7%). Staphylococcus aureus represented 12.4% (n = 25). Among the isolates, resistance to at least one antibiotic was identified in 63% of them. Genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases, blaCTX-M and blaKPC, respectively, were commonly found. Mortality rate was 25.6% and it was lower in those with adequate empirical antibiotic treatment (22.0% vs. 45.2%, OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.1-0.63, in the multivariate model). In Colombia, in patients with cancer and bacteremia, bacteria have a high resistance profile to beta-lactams, with a high incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases. Adequate empirical treatment diminishes mortality, and empirical selection of treatment in this environment of high resistance is of key importance.

End of life of the cancer patient: patient, family and physician perceptions / Fin de vida del paciente oncológico: percepciones de pacientes, familiares y médicos

Abstract Chronic diseases such as cancer have imposed challenges on health systems. Colombia has worked on the construction and implementation of a legal framework for palliative care, but a comprehensive approach to the care provided to cancer patients at the end of their lives is still lacking. Such an approach should be based on understanding of the perceptions of its different actors in order to allow for adequate decision-making and improved support during this stage. Currently, the infrastructure to provide adequate oncological support is insufficient, the administrative procedures that patients and families have to go through to get authorization for treatments and medications for symptom relief are overwhelming and, many times, costs must be paid out of pocket. On the other hand, it is important to train healthcare personnel to develop communication skills to approach patients from a place of compassion, personal development and reflection, creating spaces in which patients can speak openly about their wishes, fears and worries, even if they come together with the desire to accelerate the end of life. In addition, healthcare staff should support and initiate conversations about life and the end of life between patients and their families if this communication is complicated, given its importance for healthcare, quality of life and death. This article seeks to reflect on the end of life of the cancer patient from the perceptions of the actors involved, namely, patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Resumen Las enfermedades crónicas, como el cáncer, han impuesto retos a los sistemas de salud; Colombia ha trabajado en la construcción e implementación de un marco legal de los cuidados paliativos, pero la atención brindada en el fin de vida del paciente oncológico aún carece de un abordaje integral basado en la comprensión de las percepciones de sus diferentes actores, que permita una adecuada toma de decisiones y mejor acompañamiento en esta etapa. Actualmente, la infraestructura para brindar un adecuado soporte oncológico es insuficiente, los trámites que debe realizar el paciente y su familia en la autorización de tratamientos o medicamentos para el alivio de síntomas se vuelven desgastantes y en muchas ocasiones los costos deben ser asumidos por ellos mismos. Por otra parte, es importante fortalecer la formación del personal de salud en comunicación hacia el paciente y su familia, la cual debe ser compasiva, fundamentada en el desarrollo personal y la reflexión, mediante espacios en los que el paciente pueda hablar abiertamente de sus deseos, miedos y preocupaciones, incluso si estos acompañan el deseo de acelerar el fin de vida. Además, el personal de salud deberá apoyar e iniciar conversaciones sobre la vida y el fin de vida entre pacientes y sus familiares si esta comunicación es complicada, dada su importancia para la atención en salud, calidad de vida y muerte. Este artículo busca reflexionar sobre el fin de vida del paciente oncológico desde las percepciones de los actores involucrados: pacientes, cuidadores y el personal de salud.

Knowledge of end-of-life wishes by physicians and family caregivers in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: To describe communication regarding cancer patient's end-of-life (EoL) wishes by physicians and family caregivers. METHODS: An online questionnaire and telephone-based surveys were performed with physicians and family caregivers respectively in three teaching hospitals in Colombia which had been involved in the EoL care of cancer patients. RESULTS: For 138 deceased patients we obtained responses from physicians and family caregivers. In 32 % physicians reported they spoke to the caregiver and in 17 % with the patient regarding EoL decisions. In most cases lacking a conversation, physicians indicated the treatment option was "clearly the best for the patient" or that it was "not necessary to discuss treatment with the patient". Twenty-six percent of the caregivers indicated that someone from the medical team spoke with the patient about treatment, and in 67% who had a conversation, caregivers felt that the provided information was unclear or incomplete. Physicians and family caregivers were aware if the patient had any advance care directive in 6% and 26% of cases, respectively, with low absolute agreement (34%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of open conversation regarding EoL in patients with advanced cancer with their physicians and family caregivers in Colombia. Communication strategies are urgently needed.

Breast cancer in Colombia: a growing challenge for the healthcare system.

AIM: To provide a comprehensive overview of breast cancer in Colombia. METHODS: Data on breast cancer in Colombia are scarce. We present incidence data from population-based cancer registries that represent 4 distinct regions of the country. Other data originate from non-governmental institutions and healthcare providers within Colombia, official sources, expert opinion, Colombian legislation, and the Cancer Mortality Atlas publishes by Colombian National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: In Colombia, the age-standardized incidence rate remained relatively stable between 2012 and 2020 (43.1 to 47.8 cases per 100,000 women-years); Additionally, survival since 1995 has presented a substantial improvement from 65.7 to 72.1. In 33% of cases, the diagnosis of breast cancer was made in advanced stages, stage III or higher. The health demography survey conducted in 2015 showed that the participation in mammography screening in women aged 40 to 69 remains low 48.1%. Some limitations regarding access to early detection and diagnosis include economic strata, health insurance coverage, origin, and accessibility. On average, a 90-day period was reported from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: The first action towards improving outcomes in breast cancer should be to improve stage at diagnosis and timely access to care.