RESUMO
Canine filariosis is caused by filiform nematodes and affects several species of animals as well as humans. The disease produces a wide range of symptoms that can often be confused with other diseases, which increases the complexity of its diagnosis. The search for methodologies to facilitate its diagnosis is a challenge, and specific and differential identification of the parasite species causing the disease holds key to a successful diagnosis. In Colombia, there is a problem of underdiagnosis of filariosis in microfilaremic dogs infected by Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum, and of microfilaremias not related to heartworm disease. The highest prevalences have been reported for D. immitis infections, although new cases of A. reconditum infections are beginning to appear. The aim of this study was to differentiate the microfilariae infections caused by D. immitis and A. reconditum by a morphological and molecular characterization of microfilariae so as to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of canine filariosis in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (Colombia). For this purpose, 400 blood samples with anticoagulants were collected from the dogs and analyzed with the help of a commercial immunochromatography kit for the detection of D. immitis circulating antigen. The Woo, Knott, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were employed for determining the parasite count, morphological observation, and molecular identification of microfilariae present in the dogs respectively. The prevalence of microfilaremic dogs in Bucaramanga metropolitan area was 18.75% (75/400). The prevalence of dogs that tested positive for D. immitis in the antigen and in PCR tests was 1.25% (5/400) and 1% (4/400), respectively. Furthermore, the PCR test revealed that 17.75% of the microfilaremic dogs tested positive for A. reconditum (71/400) (first report in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga), with one animal co-infected by both species, and 0% for D. repens (0/400). However, by morphological characterization, 4% of the microfilariae (3/75) corresponded to D. immitis, 20% (15/75) to D. repens, and 76% (57/75) to A. reconditum. The use of molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR aids in the specific identification of the parasite, thus making it a more accurate method than the morphological characterization of microfilariae. The identification of the parasites by PCR helps improve the veterinary diagnosis of canine filariosis in Colombia, which would lead to the establishment of an appropriate treatment protocol for each species of filaria and also to the generation of reliable data to be used at the clinical and epidemiological levels.
RESUMO
Objetivo:Sondear el grado en que importantes recursos estadísticos, en particular los valores p, los intervalos de confianza y los procedimientos para determinar tamaños muestral es, se emplean en la literatura biomédica de manera ritual. Metodología:se seleccionaron 25 artículos originales publicados en cada una de 4 revistas indexadas del campo biomédico. Para cada uno de ellos se evalúo si cumplían con las indicaciones de las guías STROBE y CONSORT en lo concerniente al tamaño de la muestra, así como el uso de los valores p, de los intervalos de confianza y la utilización de estos en la discusión del artículo. Resultados:el 97.0% de los artículos reporta el tamaño de la muestra, pero sólo el 62.9% explica cómo fue de-terminado. El valor p se usa con mayor frecuencia (68.0%) que los intervalos de confianza (63.9%). Solo el 15.5% usa los intervalos deconfianza en la discusión. Conclusión:las herramientas estadísticas más convencionales se emplean en buena medida de manera más ceremonial que funcional.
Objective: To evaluate the degree in which important statistical resources,particularly p-values, confidence intervals and procedures for determiningsample sizes, are used in the biomedical literature through a ritual way.Methodology:A total of 25 original articles published in each of 4journals indexed in the biomedical field were selected. For each of them,it was assessed whether they follow the instructions of the STROBE andCONSORT guidelines regarding the sample size, as well as the use of p-values, confidence intervals, and the use of these in the discussion of thearticle. Results:The 97.0% of the articles reported thesample size, but only 62.9% explained how it wasdetermined. The p-value is used more frequently(68.0%) than the confidence intervals (63.9%). Only15.5% uses confidence intervals in the discussionsection.Conclusion:the most conventional statistical toolsare used more in ceremonial way rather than in afunctional one.