Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Intended and Unintended Pregnancy: Characteristics and Patient Outcomes.

Background: Rates of unintended pregnancy may be higher in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLWH) than in the general population, and it is unclear how populations of WLWH with intended and unintended pregnancy differ. We compared baseline characteristics and outcomes between WLWH with intended and unintended pregnancy. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of WLWH enrolled in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Pregnancy clinic from 2003 to 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and linear and logistic regression analysis. Two-tailed p-value <0.05 was considered significant. The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Results: Sixty-nine (27.1%) of 255 women reported an intended pregnancy. Women with intended pregnancy (WWIP) were more likely to be older, White, married, privately insured, and college educated. WWIP were less likely to use tobacco (15.9% vs. 44.2%, p < 0.001), alcohol (2.9% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.041), opiates (0.0% vs. 19.3%, p < 0.001), or cocaine (2.9% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.001) during pregnancy, more likely to disclose their HIV status to the father of the baby by delivery (100.0% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001), and more likely to receive less effective contraception at delivery (condoms 14.9% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.024; sterilization 11.9% vs. 22.1%, p = 0.028). In multivariate regression analysis, pregnancy intendedness was an important predictor of nondetectable viral load at pregnancy entry but not at delivery. Conclusions: WLWH vary in their baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes depending on pregnancy intendedness, highlighting the need to improve pregnancy timing in WLWH and intensify interventions for women with unintended pregnancy.

Early skin-to-skin contact for healthy full-term infants after vaginal and caesarean delivery: a qualitative study on clinician perspectives.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to provide insight into key factors from a clinician's perspective that influence uninterrupted early skin-to-skin contact after vaginal and caesarean delivery of healthy full-term infants. BACKGROUND: Early skin-to-skin contact of healthy full-term infants ideally begins immediately after birth and continues for the first hour or the first breastfeed as recommended by the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. However, adoption of early skin-to-skin contact is low in many settings and the barriers that hinder its universal use are not well understood. DESIGN: An exploratory qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews. METHODS: Eleven clinicians were interviewed, including five registered nurses and one medical doctor from the obstetrics and gynaecology unit as well as four registered nurses and one medical doctor from the neonatal intensive care unit. Core topics that were discussed included perceptions on early skin-to-skin contact and facilitating factors and barriers to early skin-to-skin contact after vaginal and caesarean delivery. Interview sessions were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. A coding framework was developed from which subthemes emerged. The overall themes were adopted from Lee et al.'s thematic framework to categorise factors into institutional, familial-level and implementation factors. FINDINGS: Critical institutional factors included inadequate staffing and education of clinicians on early skin-to-skin contact. On a familial level, parental education and motivation were identified as important factors. Barriers to implementation included the absence of a clinical algorithm and unclear definitions for eligible mothers and infants. CONCLUSIONS: Various facilitating factors and barriers to early skin-to-skin contact of healthy full-term infants born via vaginal and caesarean delivery were identified. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Addressing these factors can help to provide a better understanding of clinician perspectives on early skin-to-skin contact and help guide its implementation as standard of care for healthy full-term infants.

Mathematical Modeling of the Biomarker Milieu to Characterize Preterm Birth and Predict Adverse Neonatal Outcomes.

PROBLEM: To identify preterm neonates at risk for adverse neonatal outcomes. METHOD OF STUDY: A nested case-control study from the prospectively followed Boston Birth Cohort of mother-neonate pairs was performed. A classification model for preterm-born neonates was derived from 27 cord blood biomarkers using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis. Predictive relationships were made between biomarkers and adverse outcomes using logistic regression. RESULTS: From 926 births (53% of which were preterm), using weighted values for 27 biomarkers, a score was created that classified 73% of preterm deliveries. Soluble TNF-R1, NT-3, MCP-1, BDNF, IL-4, MMP-9, TREM-1, TNF-α, IL-5 and IL-10 were most influential. Our model was more sensitive for birth <34 weeks (sensitivity 89.5%, specificity 76.9%). IL-10, TNF-α, BDNF, NT-3, MMP-9, sTNF-R1 and MCP-1 were significantly predictive of NEC, IVH, sepsis and infections. CONCLUSION: We developed a novel mathematical model of 27 biomarkers associated with adverse neonatal outcomes in neonates born preterm.

The case for simulation as part of a comprehensive patient safety program.

Simulation in obstetrics allows us to practice in a safe environment. Simulations can improve the performance of individuals and obstetric teams. The evidence is overwhelming that, with simulated practice, obstetricians improve their technical and communication skills. Evidence is emerging that simulation ultimately may improve clinical outcomes. It stands to reason that simulation in obstetrics should be incorporated into comprehensive patient safety programs.

Periventricular leukomalacia and placental histopathologic abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether there are placental histopathologic abnormalities associated with neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a major precursor of cerebral palsy. METHODS: This is a case-control study of 167 neonates born between 23 and 34 weeks of gestation diagnosed with PVL by head ultrasonography within 6 weeks of birth, and 167 control neonates without neurologic morbidity matched by gestational age. Placentas for both case neonates and control neonates were reviewed by two perinatal pathologists who were blinded to neonatal course. RESULTS: Neonates with PVL were significantly more likely to have positive neonatal blood (28.7%, 16.8%, P=.001) and cerebrospinal fluid (14.4%, 4.8%, P=.007) cultures. The ratio of placental weight to birth weight did not differ between groups, but neonates with PVL had significantly more chronic diffuse capsular deciduitis (20.4%, 10.8%, P=.02) and capsular decidual plasma cells (8.4%, 2.4%, P=.02). Conditional logistic regression adjusting for birth weight and the presence of multiple gestation in the identification of PVL showed a significant increase for diffuse capsular deciduitis (P=.02) and capsular decidual plasma cells (P=.03). CONCLUSION: Periventricular leukomalacia has a significant but weak association with chronic diffuse capsular deciduitis and the presence of capsular decidual plasma cells, evidence of chronic infection but not histologic acute chorioamnionitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.