One-Step Synthesis of Versatile Antimicrobial Nano-Architected Implant Coatings for Hard and Soft Tissue Healing.

Dental implant failure remains a prevalent problem around the globe. The integration of implants at the interface of soft and hard tissues is complex and susceptible to instability and infections. Modifications to the surface of titanium implants have been developed to improve the performance, yet insufficient integration and biofilm formation remain major problems. Introducing nanostructures on the surface to augment the implant-tissue contact holds promise for facilitated implant integration; however, current coating processes are limited in their versatility or costs. We present a highly modular single-step approach to produce multicomponent porous bioactive nanostructured coatings on implants. Inorganic nanoparticle building blocks with complex compositions and architectures are synthesized in situ and deposited on the implants in a single step using scalable liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis. We present hybrid coatings based on ceria and bioglass, which render the implant surfaces superhydrophilic, promote cell adhesion, and exhibit antimicrobial properties. By modifications to the bioglass/ceria nanohybrid composition and architecture that prevent biomineralization, the coating can instead be tailored toward soft tissue healing. The one-step synthesis of nano-architected tissue-specific coatings has great potential in dental implantology and beyond.

Facile Fabrication of Microfluidic Chips for 3D Hydrodynamic Focusing and Wet Spinning of Polymeric Fibers.

Microfluidic wet spinning has gained increasing interest in recent years as an alternative to conventional wet spinning by offering higher control in fiber morphology and a gateway for the development of multi-material fibers. Conventionally, microfluidic chips used to create such fibers are fabricated by soft lithography, a method that requires both time and investment in necessary cleanroom facilities. Recently, additive manufacturing techniques were investigated for rapid and cost-efficient prototyping. However, these microfluidic devices are not yet matching the resolutions and tolerances offered by soft lithography. Herein, we report a facile and rapid method using selected arrays of hypodermic needles as templates within a silicone elastomer matrix. The produced microfluidic spinnerets display co-axially aligned circular channels. By simulation and flow experiments, we prove that these devices can maintain laminar flow conditions and achieve precise 3D hydrodynamic focusing. The devices were tested with a commercial polyurethane formulation to demonstrate that fibers with desired morphologies can be produced by varying the degree of hydrodynamic focusing. Thanks to the adaptability of this concept to different microfluidic spinneret designs-as well as to its transparency, ease of fabrication, and cost-efficient procedure-this device sets the ground for transferring microfluidic wet spinning towards industrial textile settings.

Reversible Oxygen Sensing Based on Multi-Emission Fluorescence Quenching.

Oxygen is ubiquitous in nature and it plays a key role in several biological processes, such as cellular respiration and food deterioration, to name a few. Currently, reversible and non-destructive oxygen sensing is usually performed with sensors produced by photosensitization of phosphorescent organometallic complexes. In contrast, we propose a novel route of optical oxygen sensing by fluorescence-based quenching of oxygen. We hereby developed for the first time a set of multi-emissive purely organic emitters. These were produced through a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and urea as starting materials. The origin of the multi-emission has been ascribed to the diversity of chemical structures produced as a result of oxidative oligomerization of PPD. A Bandrowski's base (BB, i.e., trimer of PPD) is reported as the main component at reaction times higher than 8 h. This indication was confirmed by electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-QTOF) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Once the emitters are embedded within a high molecular weight poly (vinyl alcohol) matrix, the intensities of all three emission centers exhibit a non-linear quenching provoked by oxygen within the range of 0-8 kPa. The detection limit of the emission centers are 0.89 kPa, 0.67 kPa and 0.75 kPa, respectively. This oxygen-dependent change in fluorescence emission is reversible (up to three tested 0-21% O2 cycles) and reproducible with negligible cross-interference to humidity. The cost-effectiveness, metal-free formulation, cross-referencing between each single emission center and the relevant oxygen range are all appealing features, making these sensors promising for the detection of oxygen, e.g., in food packaged products.

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition.

Vapor-phase synthesis techniques of polymeric nanostructures offer unique advantages over conventional, solution-based techniques because of their solventless nature. In this work, we report the fabrication of coaxial polymer nanotubes using two different chemical vapor deposition methods. The fabrication process involves the deposition of an outer layer of the conductive polyaniline (PANI) by oxidative chemical vapor deposition, followed by the deposition of the inner layer of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel by initiated chemical vapor deposition. The vapor-phase techniques allowed for fine-tuning of the thickness of the individual layers, keeping the functionalities of the polymers intact. The response of the single components and the coaxial nanotubes to changes in humidity was investigated for potential humidity sensor applications. For single-component conductive PANI nanotubes, the resistance changed parabolically with relative humidity because of competing effects of doping and swelling of the PANI polymer under humid conditions. Introducing a hydrogel inner layer increased the overall resistance, and enhanced swelling, which caused the resistance to continuously increase with relative humidity.

Coaxial nanotubes of stimuli responsive polymers with tunable release kinetics.

Stimuli responsive polymeric (SRP) nanotubes have great potential as nanocarriers of macromolecules due to their large surface areas and release mechanisms that can be activated externally. In this work, we demonstrate vapor phase synthesis of coaxial nanotubes with layers of different SRP polymers for improved release kinetics. Temperature responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm), pH responsive poly(methacrylic acid) (pMAA) and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) are used to fabricate the responsive coaxial nanotubes and the phloroglucinol dye is used as the model molecule to study the release kinetics. Fastest release is observed with single layer pNIPAAm nanotubes with rates of 0.134 min(-1), whereas introducing pHEMA or pMAA as inner layers slows down the release, enabling tuning of the response. Furthermore, repeating the release studies multiple times shows that the release rates remain similar after each run, confirming the stability of the nanotubes.

Initiated chemical vapor deposition and light-responsive cross-linking of poly(vinyl cinnamate) thin films.

The first vapor-phase deposition of poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCin) is reported. Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is used to synthesize PVCin thin films with an average thickness of 100 nm. Free radical polymerization and cyclization reactions compete during the deposition process, with approximately 45% of the repeat units undergoing cyclization. Exposure to UV light (λ = 254 nm) induces dimerization (cross-linking) of the PVCin, which is quantified using spectroscopic techniques. Approximately 90% of the free cinnamate moieties are dimerized at a UV dose of 300 mJ cm(-2) . PVCin is also incorporated into a copolymer with N-isopropylacrylamide, which exhibits a characteristic change in hydrophilicity with temperature. The copolymer is selectively cross-linked through a mask, and reversible swelling of patterns with 30 µm resolution is demonstrated by submerging the film in water.

One-dimensional surface-imprinted polymeric nanotubes for specific biorecognition by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD).

Molecular imprinting is a powerful, generic, and cost-effective technique; however, challenges still remain related to the fabrication and development of these systems involving nonhomogeneous binding sites, insufficient template removing, incompatibility with aqueous media, low rebinding capacity, and slow mass transfer. The vapor-phase deposition of polymers is a unique technique because of the conformal nature of coating and offers new possibilities in a number of applications including sensors, microfluidics, coating, and bioaffinity platforms. Herein, we demonstrated a simple but versatile concept to generate one-dimensional surface-imprinted polymeric nanotubes within anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes based on initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) technique for biorecognition of immunoglobulin G (IgG). It is reported that the fabricated surface-imprinted nanotubes showed high binding capacity and significant specific recognition ability toward target molecules compared with the nonimprinted forms. Given its simplicity and universality, the iCVD method can offer new possibilities in the field of molecular imprinting.