Cactus-sorghum intercropping combined with management interventions of planting density, row orientation and nitrogen fertilisation can optimise water use in dry regions.

Some strategies can optimise the use of water in crops under deficit, either by increasing yield or by reducing actual crop evapotranspiration (ET), to promote the sustainable intensification of production systems. The objective was to evaluate how the spacing, planting orientation, nitrogen fertilisation and intercropping strategies impact the dynamics of water in the soil, ET partitioning, and water use indicators for forage cactus and cactus-sorghum intercropping. Four experiments were conducted between 2018 and 2020 in the Brazilian semi-arid region. In the first two sites (I and II), the cladodes of the intercropped forage cactus and sorghum were spaced at 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 m with rows-oriented east-west and north-south. In site III, the intercropped rows were spaced at 1.00, 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 m. Site IV, which contained the forage cactus crop exclusively, was treated with four nitrogen levels (50, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha-1). The management interventions improved water use more by increasing dry matter than by reducing ET in the cropping system. Intercropping promoted the greatest increase in water productivity (130 %). Increasing N doses in the forage cactus-only crop reduced ET by up to 39 % but increased deep drainage losses by up to 365 %. The most promising management practices for optimising water resources were as follows: spacing of 0.10 m between cactus plants in the intercropping trial under east-west row orientation, as it promoted greater water use efficiency (76 %); spacing of 0.30 m in the north-south orientation; and row spacing of 1.50 m, as it improved water productivity (6.89 kg m-3). Thus, interventions in management should be adopted to optimise water use in intercropping systems with forage cactus, aiming at sustainable intensification in dry environments.

Similaridade da qualidade das águas superficiais da bacia do Curu, Ceará / Similarity of surface water quality at Curu watershed, Ceará, Brazil

Com a demanda de água crescendo a cada ano, é necessária uma maior atenção aos fatores responsáveis da qualidade das águas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a similaridade de variáveis determinantes da qualidade das águas do trecho perenizado da bacia do Curu, Ceará, durante a estação seca e chuvosa, pelo emprego de análise multivariada. As amostras de água foram coletadas em sete pontos (georreferenciados), nos meses de janeiro, março, maio e agosto de 2005, totalizando 28 amostras. Nas águas, foram analisados os seguintes atributos: pH, CE, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO3-, HCO3-, SO4-, PO4(3-), NH4- e NO3-. Quatro grupos homogêneos foram identificados, sendo estes independentes da posição geográfica dos pontos de coleta, demonstrando a maior influência da sazonalidade na definição da similaridade da qualidade dessas águas. Os valores da RAS (Razão de Adsorção de Sódio) definiram a dissimilaridade do grupo 1 em relação aos demais; já o grupo 2 foi definido pelo nitrato e fósforo; enquanto que os valores da Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e da RAS, os íons sódio e o cloreto determinaram a dissimilaridade entre os grupos 3 e 4. Embora as águas dessa área sejam inadequadas ao consumo humano, CE>0,5d Sm-1, o cloreto e o sódio não representam riscos à saúde humana. Com relação aos parâmetros determinantes para irrigação, em apenas um grupo a salinidade apresentou restrição ligeira a moderada, enquanto a RAS apresentou a mesma restrição em todos os grupos.

A special attention should be devoted to the water quality determinant factors, since the water supply has been decreased each year. The aim of this research was to define the similarity of determinant variables of water quality in the perennialized part of the Curu watershed, Ceará, Brazil. Multivariate analysis/Cluster Analysis was used for this investigation and it was proceeded during the wet and dry season. The samples were took in seven stations, spreading out along the rivers during four campaigns of collection (January, March, May and August of 2005), totalizing 28 samples. The water attributes analyzed were: pH, Ce, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO3-, HCO3-, SO4-, PO4(3-), NH4- and NO3-. Four homogeneous groups were identified. They were independent of their geographic position. They were identified expressing the influence of weather seasonality. The values of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (RAS) defined the dissimilarity of group 1 in relation to the others. The values of nitrate and phosphorus defined the similarity of group 2; while the Electric Conductivity (CE), RAS, sodium and chloride ions determined the non homogeneity between groups 3 and 4. Although the salinity level of water (CE>0,5d Sm-1) was not suitable to human consume, the Na+ and Cl- concentration do not present risks to human health. In relation to irrigation, only one group presented salinity risk from low to moderate, while SAR showed the same risk level for all groups.