[Factors associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in adults from a region of the Andes in Peru]. / Factores asociados con la disfunción diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo en adultos de una región de los Andes en Perú.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in adults residing in a region of the Andes in Peru. Method: A case-control study was conducted on adults living at an altitude of more than 3000 meters in Peru. Cases consisted of patients diagnosed with LVDD through echocardiography, whereas controls were adults without LVDD, as confirmed by echocardiography. Results: A total of 50 cases and 100 controls were included in the study. Among them, 38.7% had high blood pressure, and 41.3% were overweight. Upon adjusted analysis, age 60 or older (aOR: 4.06; 95%CI: 1.29-12.8), female sex (aOR: 2.24; 95%CI: 1.01-4.96) and left ventricular hypertrophy (aOR: 3.17; 95%CI: 1.41-7.17) were identified as statistically significant factors associated with LVDD. Conclusions: The risk of LVDD is associated with older adults, female gender, and left ventricular hypertrophy among individuals residing above 3000 meters altitude in a region of the Andes, in Peru.

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con la disfunción diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo (DDVI) en adultos de una región de los Andes, en Perú. Método: Estudio de casos y controles en adultos residentes a más de 3000 metros de altitud en Perú. Los casos fueron pacientes adultos diagnosticados con DDVI por ecocardiografía, y los controles fueron adultos sin DDVI por ecocardiografía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 50 casos y 100 controles. El 38.7% tuvieron hipertensión arterial y el 41.3% sobrepeso. En el análisis ajustado, la edad de 60 o más años (ORa: 4.06; IC95%: 1.29-12.8), el sexo femenino (ORa: 2.24; IC95%: 1.01-4.96) y la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (ORa: 3.17; IC95%: 1.41-7.17) fueron factores estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: El riesgo de DDVI estuvo asociado a los adultos mayores, las mujeres y los pacientes con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda que viven por encima de los 3000 metros de altitud en una región de los Andes, en Perú.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox among people with and without HIV in Peru: a national observational study.

BACKGROUND: In Latin America, Peru has the second highest number of cases of monkeypox (Mpox), of which more than 50 % are Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive. Here, we compared the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Mpox between people with and without HIV in Peru. METHODS: We conducted a national retrospective study using data on confirmed cases of Mpox reported by the Peruvian National Surveillance System from 15 June 2022 to 31 December 2023. RESULTS: A total of 3561 confirmed cases of Mpox were included. Of these, 2123 (60 %) patients were people living with HIV (PLWH), with increased odds for those aged 30 years or older, homosexual (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.58 [6.95-10.59], p<0.0001), bisexual (aOR=4.44 [3.46-5.69], p<0.0001), sex workers (aOR=2.24 [1.07-4.68], p=0.032), people with a history of syphilis (aOR=2.07 [1.66-2.58], p<0.001), and hospitalized (aOR=3.08 [2.03-4.68], p<0.001). PLWH were more likely to have proctitis (aOR=1.73 [1.26-2.37], p=0.001). The overall mortality was 20 of 3561 (0.56 %). Among PLWH and Mpox, more deaths occurred in hospitalized (p<0.001) and non-ART (p<0.001) individuals. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight that HIV infection among Mpox cases in Peru is associated with high-risk sexual behaviour and a high likelihood of hospitalization.

High Global Health Security Index is a determinant of early detection and response to monkeypox: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Recent outbreaks of monkeypox (Mpox) have occurred in countries outside of Africa, with large numbers of cases spreading rapidly to almost every continent. We aimed to analyze the correlation between the Global Health Security (GHS) Index (categories and indicators) and the Mpox case rate in different regions and globally. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we used data from Mpox cases from the WHO, and the GHS categories and indicators for detection, prevention, reporting, health system, rapid response, international norms compliance, and risk environment. Outcome measures were the relationship between GHS index (categories and indicators) and Mpox case rate using crude and adjusted non-linear regression models. RESULTS: After performing adjusted analyses, only risk environment and detection and reporting index were associated with Mpox case rates in the 99 countries and the Region of the Americas, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) indicators of the prevention category, risk communication of the rapid response category, the joint external evaluation and performance veterinary services of the norms category, and the infrastructure adequacy of the risk environment category were associated with Mpox case rates in the 99 countries (p<0.05). Laboratory systems strength and quality indicator of the detection and reporting category, and emergency response operation indicator of the response rapid category were associated with Mpox case rates in the countries of the region of the Americas (p<0.05). AMR indicator of the prevention of the emergence category, and the infrastructure adequacy of the risk environment category were associated with Mpox case rates in the countries of the European Region (p<0.05). In the countries of the other regions, only the trade and travel restrictions indicator of the rapid response category was associated with Mpox case rates (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Countries, particularly in the Americas region, with high levels of infrastructure adequacy and laboratory system strength and quality as measured by the GHS index are better equipped to detect more Mpox cases. Therefore, they have higher Mpox case detection rates and can successfully respond to Mpox outbreaks.

Monkeypox virus infections in low-risk groups during the 2022-23 global outbreak: An analysis of the WHO global report.

Introduction: In the 2022-23 Mpox outbreak, cases also occurred in children, adolescents, and adults aged 50 years and older, for whom the risk of transmission is low and whose epidemiological characteristics are less known, compared to high-risk groups such as young adults. Here we describe the epidemiological characteristics of Mpox in children, adolescents and adults aged 50 years and older in the global Mpox outbreak. Methods: A retrospective study on laboratory-confirmed surveillance data of Mpox cases reported to World Health Organization (WHO) was conducted. Case data from WHO's 2022-23 Mpox Outbreak: Global Trends from 1 January 2022 to 1 September 2023 was used for our analysis. We included cases reported by WHO with data on age (children [range, 0 to 9 years], adolescents [range, 10 to 17 years], adults 50 to 59 years, and adults 60 years and older), gender, WHO region, hospital admission, and intensive care unit admission. Results: Until September 01, 2023, data from 89,752 cases of Mpox have been reported to WHO. Of all the reported cases, 1124 (1.3%), 6296 (7.0%) and 1501 (1.6%) were children and adolescents, adults aged 50-59 years, and adults aged 60 years or older, respectively, and the proportion varied among WHO regions. There was a high proportion of cases among population aged 0-17 years, adolescents (256 [66.3%]) from the region of the Americas and girls aged 0-9 years [127 (46.7%)] from the African region. Men aged 50-59 years (3495 [57.2%] vs. 2553 [41.8%] cases from the region of the Americas and the European region, respectively) and men aged 60-69 years (639 [60.0%] vs. 607 [48.4%] from the region of the Americas and the European region) were most affected, compared to other age groups and women. Among children, adolescents, and adults aged 50 years or older, a low proportion of cases developed some complications and required hospital admission, and some cases were admitted to the intensive care unit. Conclusions: Epidemiological evidence of Mpox in these low-risk groups highlights the risk of wider community transmission. Therefore, while efforts continue to control the global outbreak of Mpox in high-risk groups, it is also necessary to ensure that these low-risk groups have access to timely health care and vaccination.

El destino de los artículos originales rechazados. Análisis en una revista de salud pública en Latinoamérica

Introducción: Las investigaciones publicadas en revistas científicas permiten generar evidencias para la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, el destino de las investigaciones que se reciben en una revista científica no siempre es su publicación. Objetivo: Determinar el destino de los artículos originales que fueron rechazados en la Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública (RPMESP) durante 2014 y 2015 y los factores asociados a su publicación. Materiales y métodos: Durante junio y julio del 2019 se realizó una búsqueda en Google Académico de los artículos originales que fueron rechazados en la RPMESP, se evaluaron como variables independientes el género, la procedencia y el grado académico del autor corresponsal, además si el rechazó fue realizado por el comité editor o luego de ser revisado por pares. Para determinar los factores asociados se calcularon riesgos relativos bivariados (RR) y multivariados (RRa) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%) utilizando un modelo de regresión de Poisson simple y múltiple. Resultados: De 285 artículos originales rechazados el 45,6% tuvo como destino su publicación en otras revistas científicas de las cuales el 61,5% fueron revistas del extranjero, los autores corresponsales con filiación extranjera (RRa 1,34, IC 95%: 1,02-1,77) y estudiantes de pregrado (RRa 1,56, IC 95%: 1,12-2,17) incrementaron la probabilidad de publicación, pero disminuyó si el rechazo fue luego de la revisión por pares (RRa 0,71, IC 95%: 0,52-0,97). Conclusiones: Menos de la mitad de los artículos originales que fueron rechazados tuvo como destino su publicación en otra revista científica. Los autores deben analizar los motivos del rechazo y continuar con el proceso de publicación.

Introduction: Research published in scientific journals allows generating evidence for decision making. However, the destination of the research received in a scientific journal is not always its publication. Objective: To determine the destination of the original articles that were rejected in the Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health (RPMESP) during 2014 and 2015 and the factors associated with their publication. Materials and methods: During June and July 2019, a Google Scholar search was carried out for the original articles that were rejected in the RPMESP, the gender, origin and academic degree of the corresponding author were evaluated as independent variables, in addition to whether he rejected was made by the editorial committee or after being reviewed by peers. To determine the associated factors, bivariate (RR) and multivariate (RRa) relative risks were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using a simple and multiple Poisson regression model. Results: Of 285 original articles rejected, 45.6% were destined for publication in other scientific journals, of which 61.5% were foreign journals, the corresponding authors with foreign affiliation (RRa 1.34, CI 95%: 1.02-1.77) and undergraduate students (RRa 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12-2.17) increased the probability of publication, but it decreased if the rejection was after peer review (RRa 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52-0.97). Conclusions: Less than half of the original articles that were rejected were destined for publication in another scientific journal. The authors must analyze the reasons for the rejection and continue with the publication process.

Female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America / Participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas en Latinoamérica

Introduction: Female participation in the field of medicine and research has increased in recent years; however, there are still inequities in the proportion of men and women in medical leadership, especially in management positions and editorial committees of scientific journals. Objective: To identify female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America and explore the association with editorial positions and impact indicators. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive bibliometric study to determine female participation in the editorial committees of medical & journals in Latin America. We included 113 medical journals published in Latin America and indexed in Scopus, updated and current in 2020, selected from the Scimago Journal Country Rank portal. The gender of editorial committee members was identified on the web pages of each magazine. Results: Regarding editorial leadership in the 113 journals included, women represented 12.9% of 264 members; as for the functions within the editorial committee, of 1,449 members, 28.9% were women while in advisory committees, of 4,575 members 19.0% were women. The presence of women in editorial committees was higher in journals from Chile, Brazil, and Venezuela in specialties such as public health, pediatrics, and anesthesiology. Conclusions: Female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America is low.

Introducción. La participación femenina en el campo de la medicina y la investigación se ha incrementado en los últimos años; sin embargo, aún existen inequidades en la proporción de hombres y mujeres, especialmente en los cargos directivos y la participación en los comités editoriales de revistas científicas. Objetivo. Establecer la participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas en Latinoamérica, y explorar su asociación con los cargos editoriales y los indicadores de impacto. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de tipo bibliométrico de revistas médicas de Latinoamérica indizadas en Scopus, actualizadas y vigentes en el 2020, las cuales se seleccionaron del portal de Scimago & Journal Country Rank. Los equipos editoriales se categorizaron en tres grupos según sus funciones y, posteriormente, se registró el sexo de sus miembros a partir de sus nombres. Resultados. Se incluyeron 113 revistas. En cuanto al liderazgo editorial, entre los 264 directores de comités editoriales, las mujeres representaban el 12,9 %. En lo concerniente a las diferentes funciones, de 1.449 miembros, las mujeres eran el 28,9 %, en tanto que, de los 4.575 miembros de comités consultivos, el 19,0 % correspondía a mujeres. Se observó una mayor presencia de mujeres en los comités editoriales de revistas de Chile, Brasil y Venezuela, y en las especialidades de salud pública, pediatría y anestesiología. Conclusiones. La participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas de Latinoamérica es escasa.

Las brechas de género en la investigación científica del Perú / Gender gaps in Peruvian scientifc research / Lacunas de gênero na pesquisa científica peruana

Los estudios de tipo bibliométricos han mostrado las grandes diferencias en producción científica entre continentes, países o instituciones; sin embargo, un análisis más minucioso de las publicaciones científicas ha identifcado patrones de desigualdad con respecto a sus autores, siendo una ellas las referidas al género. Identificar las brechas de género en la investigación científica viene adquiriendo cada vez mayor interés por la desigualdad social y económica que representa, debido a que detrás ellas existen causales culturales o formativas que impiden la inserción, participación y el avance de las mujeres en los espacios de ciencia, tecnología e innovación

Bibliometric studies have shown the large differences in scientific differences in scientific production between continents, countries or institutions. countries or institutions; however, a more thorough analysis of scientific of scientific publications has identified patterns of inequality with respect to their with respect to their authors, one of them being those related to gender. Identifying gender gaps in scientific research has become of increasing interest for the of growing interest due to the social and economic inequality it represents, because behind economic inequality that it represents, because behind them there are cultural or formative that impede the insertion, participation and advancement of women in the and advancement of women in the areas of science, technology and innovation

Estudos bibliométricos têm mostrado as grandes diferenças na produção científica entre continentes, países diferenças na produção científica entre continentes, países ou instituições. países ou instituições; no entanto, uma análise mais completa das publicações científicas tem publicações científicas identificaram padrões de desigualdade em relação a seus autores. com respeito a seus autores, sendo um deles gênero. A identificação de lacunas de gênero na pesquisa científica é de interesse crescente para a de crescente interesse devido à desigualdade social e econômica que representa, porque por trás do desigualdade econômica que ela representa, porque por trás delas há culturais ou formativas causas culturais ou formativas que impedem a inserção, participação e participação e avanço da mulher nas áreas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação

Participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas en Latinoamérica / Female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America

Introducción. La participación femenina en el campo de la medicina y la investigación se ha incrementado en los últimos años; sin embargo, aún existen inequidades en la proporción de hombres y mujeres, especialmente en los cargos directivos y la participación en los comités editoriales de revistas científicas. Objetivo. Establecer la participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas en Latinoamérica, y explorar su asociación con los cargos editoriales y los indicadores de impacto. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de tipo bibliométrico de revistas médicas de Latinoamérica indizadas en Scopus, actualizadas y vigentes en el 2020, las cuales se seleccionaron del portal de Scimago Journal & Country Rank. Los equipos editoriales se categorizaron en tres grupos según sus funciones y, posteriormente, se registró el sexo de sus miembros a partir de sus nombres. Resultados. Se incluyeron 113 revistas. En cuanto al liderazgo editorial, entre los 264 directores de comités editoriales, las mujeres representaban el 12,9 %. En lo concerniente a las diferentes funciones, de 1.449 miembros, las mujeres eran el 28,9 %, en tanto que, de los 4.575 miembros de comités consultivos, el 19,0 % correspondía a mujeres. Se observó una mayor presencia de mujeres en los comités editoriales de revistas de Chile, Brasil y Venezuela, y en las especialidades de salud pública, pediatría y anestesiología. Conclusiones. La participación femenina en los comités editoriales de revistas médicas de Latinoamérica es escasa.

Introduction: Female participation in the field of medicine and research has increased in recent years; however, there are still inequities in the proportion of men and women in medical leadership, especially in management positions and editorial committees of scientific journals. Objective: To identify female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America and explore the association with editorial positions and impact indicators. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive bibliometric study to determine female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America. We included 113 medical journals published in Latin America and indexed in Scopus, updated and current in 2020, selected from the Scimago Journal & Country Rank portal. The gender of editorial committee members was identified on the web pages of each magazine. Results: Regarding editorial leadership in the 113 journals included, women represented 12.9% of 264 members; as for the functions within the editorial committee, of 1,449 members, 28.9% were women while in advisory committees, of 4,575 members 19.0% were women. The presence of women in editorial committees was higher in journals from Chile, Brazil, and Venezuela in specialties such as public health, pediatrics, and anesthesiology. Conclusions: Female participation in the editorial committees of medical journals in Latin America is low.

Excess all-cause deaths stratified by sex and age in Peru: a time series analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we estimated excess all-cause deaths and excess death rates during the COVID-19 pandemic in 25 Peruvian regions, stratified by sex and age group. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Twenty-five Peruvian regions with complete mortality data. PARTICIPANTS: Annual all-cause official mortality data set from SINADEF (Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones) at the Ministry of Health of Peru for 2017-2020, disaggregated by age and sex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Excess deaths and excess death rates (observed deaths vs expected deaths) in 2020 by sex and age (0-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and ≥80 years) were estimated using P-score. The ORs for excess mortality were summarised with a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: In the period between January and December 2020, we estimated an excess of 68 608 (117%) deaths in men and 34 742 (69%) deaths in women, corresponding to an excess death rate of 424 per 100 000 men and 211 per 100 000 women compared with the expected mortality rate. The number of excess deaths increased with age and was higher in men aged 60-69 years (217%) compared with women (121%). Men between the ages of 40 and 79 years experienced twice the rate of excess deaths compared with the expected rate. In eight regions, excess deaths were higher than 100% in men, and in seven regions excess deaths were higher than 70% in women. Men in eight regions and women in one region had two times increased odds of excess death than the expected mortality. There were differences in excess mortality according to temporal distribution by epidemiological week. CONCLUSION: Approximately 100 000 excess all-cause deaths occurred in 2020 in Peru. Age-stratified excess death rates were higher in men than in women. There was strong excess in geographical and temporal mortality patterns according to region.

Correlación entre casos de varicela y búsquedas en Google en Perú / Correlation between cases of chickenpox and Google searches in Peru

Con el objetivo de determinar la correlación entre los casos de varicela notificados en Perú y las búsquedas sobre varicela realizadas en Google a nivel nacional y por regiones se realizaron análisis de correlación de Spearman para las semanas epidemiológicas del 2016 al 2019, así como antes y después de la introducción de la vacuna para varicela en el Perú. A nivel nacional, se encontró una alta correlación antes del inicio de la vacunación (Rho 0,778, p = 0,001) y moderada durante el periodo de vacunación (Rho 0,441, p = 0,001). Algunas regiones tuvieron una correlación baja o muy baja y dejaron de ser estadísticamente significativas luego de la introducción de la vacuna en el Perú. Además, el cambio en la estacionalidad de la varicela durante el periodo de vacunación también tuvo un impacto en las búsquedas que realiza la población en Google.

Abstract In order to determine if there is a correlation between chickenpox cases reported in Peru and the chickenpox searches carried out on Google at national level and by regions, Spearman's correlation analyzes were carried out for the epidemiological weeks from 2016 to 2019, as well as before and after the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine in Peru. At the national level, a high correlation was found before the start of vaccination (Rho 0.778, p = 0.001) and moderate during the vaccination period (Rho 0.441, p = 0.001), some regions had a low or very low correlation and stopped to be statistically significant after the introduction of the vaccine in Peru. In addition, the change in the seasonality of chickenpox during the vaccination period also had an impact on the searches carried out by the population on Google.

Discordancias de autoría en las publicaciones de los trabajos presentados en los congresos científicos nacionales de estudiantes de Medicina / Authorship inconsistencies in the publication of papers presented at medical students' national scientific conferences

Existe un incremento de faltas éticas en las publicaciones científicas, entre ellas las irregularidades de autoría. Con el objetivo de identificar la discordancia en el número de autores y sus factores asociados en los trabajos realizados por estudiantes de Medicina del Perú, se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó a todos los trabajos publicados en una revista científica luego de su presentación en los congresos científicos nacionales de estudiantes de Medicina del año 2010 al 2014. Se evaluó la discordancia en el número de autores entre la presentación del trabajo al Congreso Científico Nacional y el artículo publicado. Para cuantificar la asociación con los posibles factores asociados se elaboraron modelos crudos y ajustados utilizando la regresión de Poisson detalle. Se revisaron 97 trabajos publicados en revistas científicas, en los cuales se encontró que el 53,6 por ciento (n = 52) presentó discordancias de autoría, lo que se incrementó significativamente cuando el autor corresponsal era el asesor (RP: 1,51, IC 95 por ciento,10‒2,08, p = 0,012) y cuando el diseño del estudio era experimental (RP: 1,54, IC 95 por ciento: 1,13‒2,11, p = 0,006). Más de la mitad de los trabajos publicados por estudiantes de Medicina de Perú presentó discordancias de autoría, lo que podría responder a la ocurrencia de autoría honoraria, fantasma o ambas faltas(AU)

Scientific publication is experiencing an increase in ethical breaches, among them authorship irregularities. A cross-sectional study was conducted of all the papers published in a scientific journal after their presentation at medical students' national scientific conferences in Peru in the period 2010-2014, with the purpose of identifying inconsistencies in the number of authors and their associated factors. The evaluation focused on inconsistencies in the number of authors in the paper presented at the national scientific conferences and the published version. Poisson regression analysis was used to develop crude and adjusted models to quantify the association with the possible related factors. Review of 97 papers published in scientific journals found authorship inconsistencies in 53.6percent (n = 52), a figure that increased significantly when the corresponding author was the advisor (AR: 1.51, CI 95percent: 1.10‒2.08, p = 0.012) and when the study was experimental (AR: 1.54, CI 95percent: 1.13‒2.11, p = 0.006). More than half of the papers published by medical students in Peru contained authorship inconsistencies, which could suggest the occurrence of honorary and/or ghost authorship(AU)

Distribución geográfica y brecha de género en la revisión por pares de una revista científica biomédica en Latinoamérica / Geographic distribution and gender gap in the peer review of a Latin American biomedical scientific journal

La revisión por pares es un proceso importante al permitir tomar decisiones previas a la publicación de un artículo. Sin embargo, existe escasa información en revistas científicas de Latinoamérica sobre los profesionales que participan en estos procesos. Este trabajo se propuso determinar la distribución geográfica y de género en la revisión por pares realizada en la Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública. Se analizaron las listas de agradecimiento de quienes participaron en la revisión por pares de esta revista desde el año 2010 hasta el 2017. El país de procedencia se identificó a partir de la afiliación institucional, mencionada inicialmente por los revisores, y para la identificación del género se utilizaron los nombres. En caso de existir duda con el género se realizó una búsqueda de imágenes y de perfiles académicos públicos disponibles en Internet. Se encontraron 1 628 menciones de agradecimientos a profesionales que participaron en la revisión por pares; el 60,4 por ciento (n = 983) fueron procedentes del extranjero, principalmente de España, México, Chile, Colombia y Argentina. El 71,1 por ciento (n = 1158) fueron revisores hombres y el 28,9 por ciento (n = 470) revisoras. según la procedencia de las revisoras, el 35,0 por ciento (n = 344) fueron del extranjero y el 19,6 por ciento (n = 126) de Perú; y en los revisores hombres el 65,0 por ciento fueron del extranjero y el 80,6 por ciento de Perú. La revisión por pares en una revista científica biomédica en Perú fue realizada principalmente por profesionales de otros países de habla hispana. Existe una brecha de género que es mayor para la participación de revisoras de Perú(AU)

Peer review is an important process that makes it possible to take decisions before the publication of an article. However, little information is available in Latin American scientific journals about the professionals involved in this process. The purpose of the study was to determine the geographic and gender distribution of peer review in the Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health. Data about peer reviewers were obtained from the acknowledgements sections of journal issues published from 2010 to 2017. The country of origin was identified from the institutional affiliation reported by peer reviewers, and gender was derived from their proper names. In the event of doubt about a reviewer's gender, a search was conducted for images and public academic profiles available on the Internet. A total 1 628 acknowledgement mentions were found, 60.4percent (n = 983) of which referred to overseas reviewers, mainly from Spain, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Argentina. 71.1percent (n = 1 158) of the reviewers were male and 28.9percent (n = 470) were female. 35.0percent (n = 344) of the female reviewers were foreign and 19.6percent (n = 126) were from Peru, whereas 65.0percent of the male reviewers were foreign and 80.6percent were from Peru. Peer review in a Peruvian biomedical scientific journal was mainly conducted by professionals from other Spanish-speaking countries. A gender gap was observed which is wider for participation of Peruvian female reviewers(AU)

Factores asociados a inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Perú / Factors associated to inadequate practices of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Perú. Material y métodos. Se administró una encuesta en línea dirigida para adultos de diversas regiones del Perú seleccionados mediante un muestreo por bola de nieve, la encuesta incluía una escala para la medición de prácticas de distanciamiento social, el uso de la información, el afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus y características sociodemográficas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y multivariado utilizando razones de prevalencia cruda (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95 % por medio de modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 377 personas de los cuales el 55,4 % fueron hombres y 77,5 % residían fuera de Lima, el 35 % de los encuestados tuvo inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social lo que estuvo asociado con tener primaria o secundaria incompleta (RPa 1,41, IC 95 %: 1,11 a 1,81), inadecuado uso de la información (RPa 2,82, IC 95 %: 1,98 a 4,05) e inadecuado afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus (RPa 1,76, IC 95 %: 1,27 a 2,42). Conclusión. Personas con menor grado de instrucción, inadecuado uso de la información y con un negativo afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus tienen mayor probabilidad de inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with inadequate social distancing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Material and methods. A targeted online survey was administered to adults from various regions of Peru selected by snowball sampling. The survey included a scale for measuring social distancing practices, use of information, emotional coping with the coronavirus, and sociodemographic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals by means of generalized linear models. Results. We included 377 people of whom 55.4 % were men and 77.5 % resided outside Lima, 35 % of the respondents had inadequate social distancing practices which was associated with having incomplete primary or secondary school (RPa 1.41, 95 % CI: 1.11 to 1.81), inadequate use of information (PRa 2.82, 95 % CI: 1.98 to 4.05) and inadequate emotional coping in the face of coronavirus (PRa 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.27 to 2.42). Conclusion. People with lower educational level, inadequate use of information and negative emotional coping with coronavirus are more likely to have inadequate social distancing practices.

Sexo y su relación con el impacto académico en investigadores de Latinoamérica / Sex and its relation to the academic impact on researchers in Latin America

Las mujeres están subrepresentadas en la producción científica. Diversos estudios demuestran que las mujeres tienen menor participación en la autoría de artículos científicos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si el sexo se asocia con el impacto académico en investigadores de países latinoamericanos. Para esto se comparó el índice h y el número de citas. Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico con datos de la página Webometrics Ranking of World Universities que publica periódicamente "ránquines" de investigadores según sus perfiles en Google Académico. Se revisaron los 150 primeros puestos de 12 países de Latinoamérica y se evaluaron las diferencias en el impacto académico según el sexo. De un total de 1 750 investigadores, solo el 17,3 por ciento (303) fueron mujeres. De los 12 países analizados, la mayoría (ocho) no presentó diferencias significativas en el impacto académico según el sexo y solo cuatro presentaron estas diferencias, aunque con un tamaño del efecto pequeño (r < 0,3). Menos de la quinta parte de los investigadores considerados en la muestra fueron mujeres; sin embargo, en la mayoría de los países el impacto académico de las mujeres resultó ser similar y en algunos casos superior al de sus homólogos masculinos(AU)

Women are underrepresented in scientific production. Several studies show that women have less participation in the authorship of scientific articles. The objective of the present study was to determine if sex is associated with academic impact in researchers of Latin American countries. A comparison between the h-index and the number of citations was carried out. A bibliometric study was conducted with data from the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities page that periodically publishes rankings of researchers according to their profiles in Google Scholar. The first 150 positions from 12 Latin American countries were reviewed and the differences in academic impact according to sex were evaluated. Of a total 1 750 researchers, only 17.3 percent (303) were women. Of the 12 countries analyzed, the majority (8) did not present significant differences in academic impact by sex and only four presented these differences, although with a small effect size (r < 0.3). Less than one-fifth of the researchers considered in the sample were women; however, in most countries the academic impact of women was similar and in some cases greater than that of their male counterparts(AU)

Sex differences in the incidence, mortality, and fatality of COVID-19 in Peru.

BACKGROUND: There is a worrying lack of epidemiological data on the sex differential in COVID-19 infection and death rates between the regions of Peru. METHODS: Using cases and death data from the national population-based surveillance system of Peru, we estimated incidence, mortality and fatality, stratified by sex, age and geographic distribution (per 100,000 habitants) from March 16 to November 27, 2020. At the same time, we calculated the risk of COVID-19 death. RESULTS: During the study period, 961894 cases and 35913 deaths were reported in Peru. Men had a twofold higher risk of COVID-19 death within the overall population of Peru (odds ratio (OR), 2.11; confidence interval (CI) 95%; 2.06-2.16; p<0.00001), as well as 20 regions of Peru, compared to women (p<0.05). There were variations in incidence, mortality and fatality rates stratified by sex, age, and region. The incidence rate was higher among men than among women (3079 vs. 2819 per 100,000 habitants, respectively). The mortality rate was two times higher in males than in females (153 vs. 68 per 100,000 habitants, respectively). The mortality rates increased with age, and were high in men 60 years of age or older. The fatality rate was two times higher in men than in women (4.96% vs. 2.41%, respectively), and was high in men 50 years of age or older. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show the higher incidence, mortality and fatality rates among men than among women from Peru. These rates vary widely by region, and men are at greater risk of COVID-19 death. In addition, the mortality and fatality rates increased with age, and were most predominant in men 50 years of age or older.

Características y factores asociados al maltrato percibido en internos de medicina en Perú / Characteristics and associated factors with mistreatment perception in medical interns in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características y factores asociados a la percepción de maltrato en internos de medicina del Perú. Materiales y métodos : Estudio multicéntrico, transversal y analítico. Se encuestaron a internos de medicina de dieciocho hospitales del Perú. Se aplicó una encuesta entre marzo y abril del 2016 que incluían características sociodemográficas y una escala que media la percepción de maltrato psicológico, físico y sexual. Se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados y se estimaron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados : Participaron 418 internos de medicina. El maltrato psicológico, físico y sexual percibido fue de 91,9%; 55,5% y 34%, respectivamente. Los factores asociados con el maltrato psicológico fueron proceder de una universidad privada (RPa:1,07; IC95%:1,01- 1,13), respecto al maltrato físico fueron la edad (RPa: 1,08; IC95%: 1,05-1,12), realizar internado en un hospital de la selva (RPa: 1,27; IC95%: 1,03-1,56) y en un hospital del Seguro Social (RPa:0,66; IC95%:0,44-0,94) y para el maltrato sexual el ser mujer (RPa:1,52; IC95%:1,15-2,01). Conclusiones : Existe una alta percepción de maltrato reportado por los internos de medicina siendo el psicológico el más frecuente. Existen diferencias en la percepción de maltrato psicológico y físico según el tipo de financiamiento de la universidad de procedencia y del hospital donde se realiza el internado. Una alta frecuencia de maltrato sexual fue reportada por mujeres luego de los tres primeros meses del internado hospitalario.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the characteristics and factors associated with the perception of abuse in medicine interns of Peru. Material and Methods : This is a cross-sectional multicenter and analytical study. Medicine interns from eighteen Peruvian hospitals were interviewed. A survey was administered between March and April 2016, which included socio-demographic characteristics and a scale measuring psychological and physical abuse, as well as sexual harassment perception. Generalized linear models were used and crude and adjusted prevalence rates (aPR) were estimated, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: 418 medical interns participated in the study. Psychological and physical abuses were perceived by 91,9% and 55,5% of the studied population. Sexual harassment was perceived by 34% of all interviewed interns. Associated factors with psychological abuse were studied in a private university (aPR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). Factors associated with physical abuse were age (aPR: 1.08; 95% IC: 1.05-1.12), performing internship in an Amazonian area hospital (aPR: 1,27; 95% CI: 1,03-1,56), and in a Social Security Hospital (aPR: 0,66; 95% CI: 0,44-0,94); and for sexual harassment, being female was the main associated factor (aPR: 1,52; 95% CI: 1,15-2,01). Conclusions: There is a high perception of abuse experienced by medicine interns, being psychological abuse the most frequent condition. There are some differences in the perception of psychological and physical abuse, according to the medical school the interns come from, as well as with respect to the healthcare facility where internship is performed. A high frequency of sexual harassment was reported by female interns after three months of having started their training period.

Sex differences in COVID-19 fatality rate and risk of death: An analysis in 73 countries, 2020-2021.

There is a worrying lack of epidemiological data on the sex differential in COVID-19 fatality rates. We examined the Global Health 50/50 tracks of sex-disaggregated infection and mortality COVID-19 data from 73 countries through May 20, 2021. We compared the infection fatality rate (IFR) in men vs. women and risk of death from COVID-19 by country. Of all cases in 73 countries, 42,933,757 were in women and 40,187,894 in men; 1,274,663 men and 971,899 women died. The IFR was higher in males (3.17%) than in women (2.26%). The IFR in males vs. females varied from country to country, and it was higher in men in Brazil, Yemen, Mexico, Ecuador, Scotland, Peru, Guatemala, North Macedonia and Afghanistan. Overall, men had a higher odd of death from COVID-19 (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.13-1.32; =0.00001) and in 49 countries, compared to women. Men in Albania and Guatemala had twice the risk of death from COVID-19. Our findings show higher fatality rates among men than among women. These rates vary widely by country, and men have a higher odd of death from COVID-19.

Análisis de las respuestas a rumores sobre COVID-19 en Perú / Analysis of the responses to rumors about COVID-19 in Peru

En el contexto de la epidemia por COVID-19, los rumores que contienen noticias e información falsa -también conocidos como fake news- son una preocupación para las autoridades sanitarias, y su propagación en las redes sociales -como WhatsApp o Facebook- es tan rápida que su consecuencia podría generar miedo o la toma de malas decisiones por parte de la población(AU)