The Possible Effects of Galectin-3 on Mechanisms of Renal and Hepatocellular Injury Induced by Intravascular Hemolysis.

Intravascular hemolysis is a central feature of congenital and acquired hemolytic anemias, complement disorders, infectious diseases, and toxemias. Massive and/or chronic hemolysis is followed by the induction of inflammation, very often with severe damage of organs, which enhances the morbidity and mortality of hemolytic diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a ß-galactoside-binding lectin that modulates the functions of many immune cells, thus affecting inflammatory processes. Gal-3 is also one of the main regulators of fibrosis. The role of Gal-3 in the development of different kidney and liver diseases and the potential of therapeutic Gal-3 inhibition have been demonstrated. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the possible effects of Gal-3 on the process of kidney and liver damage induced by intravascular hemolysis, as well as to shed light on the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in intravascular hemolysis.

Synthesis, characterization, biomolecular interactions, molecular docking, and in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of novel ruthenium(III) Schiff base complexes.

In order to discover new anticancer drugs, novel ruthenium(III) complexes [Ru(L)Cl(H2O)], where L is tetradentate Schiff base bis(acetylacetone)ethylendiimine (acacen, 1), bis(benzoylacetone)ethylendiimine (bzacen, 2), (acetylacetone)(benzoylaceton)ethylendiimine (acacbzacen, 3), bis(acetylacetone)propylendiimine (acacpn, 4), bis(benzoylacetone)propylendiimine (bzacpn, 5) or (acetylacetone)(benzoylaceton)propylendiimine (acacbzacpn, 6), were synthesized. The complexes 1 - 6 were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductometry, and by various spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-Vis, IR, EPR, and ESI-MS. Based on in vitro DNA/BSA experiments, complexes 2 (bzacen) and 5 (bzacpn) with two aromatic rings showed the highest DNA/BSA-activity, suggesting that the presence of the aromatic ring on the tetradentate Schiff base ligand contributes to increased activity. Moreover, these two compounds showed the highest cytotoxic effects toward human, A549 and murine LLC1 lung cancer cells. These complexes altered the ratio of anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules and induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Further, complexes 2 and 5 reduced the percentage of Mcl1 and Bcl2 expressing LLC1 cells, induced their apoptotic death and exerted an antiproliferative effect against LLC1. Finally, complex 5 reduced the volume of mouse primary heterotopic Lewis lung cancer, while complex 2 reduced the incidence and mean number of metastases per lung. Additionally, molecular docking with DNA revealed that the reduced number of aromatic rings or their absence causes lower intercalative properties of the complexes in order: 2 > 5 > 6 > 3 > 4 > 1. It was observed that conventional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions contribute to the stabilization of the structures of complex-DNA. A molecular docking study with BSA revealed a predominance of 1 - 6 in binding affinity to the active site III, a third D-shaped hydrophobic pocket within subdomain IB.

The Role of IL-17 in the Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Elucidating the inflammatory mechanisms underlying formation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is crucial for discovering new targeted therapeutics. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 has proven roles in tumor formation, growth, and metastasis. The presence of IL-17 is demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models, and in OSCC patients, is mostly accompanied by enhanced proliferation and invasiveness of cancer cells. Here we review the known facts regarding the role of IL-17 in OSCC pathogenesis, namely the IL-17 mediated production of proinflammatory mediators that mobilize and activate myeloid cells with suppressive and proangiogenic activities and proliferative signals that directly induce proliferation of cancer cells and stem cells. The possibility of a potential IL-17 blockade in OSCC therapy is also discussed.

Targeting Underlying Inflammation in Carcinoma Is Essential for the Resolution of Depressiveness.

In modern clinical practice and research on behavioral changes in patients with oncological problems, there are several one-sided approaches to these problems. Strategies for early detection of behavioral changes are considered, but they must take into account the specifics of the localization and phase in the course and treatment of somatic oncological disease. Behavioral changes, in particular, may correlate with systemic proinflammatory changes. In the up-to-date literature, there are a lot of useful pointers on the relationship between carcinoma and inflammation and between depression and inflammation. This review is intended to provide an overview of these similar underlying inflammatory disturbances in both oncological disease and depression. The specificities of acute and chronic inflammation are considered as a basis for causal current and future therapies. Modern therapeutic oncology protocols may also cause transient behavioral changes, so assessment of the quality, quantity, and duration of behavioral symptoms is necessary to prescribe adequate therapy. Conversely, antidepressant properties could be used to ameliorate inflammation. We will attempt to provide some impetus and present some unconventional potential treatment targets related to inflammation. It is certain that only an integrative oncology approach is justifiable in modern patient treatment.

Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations.

Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.

Mitigating toxicity of acetamiprid removal techniques - Fe modified zeolites in focus.

All remediation pathways in aqueous solutions come down to three dominant ones - physical, chemical, and combinations thereof. Materials proposed for adsorption and oxidative degradation can induce positive or negative effects on cells compared to the pollutants themselves. Present research deals with the effects different methods for pesticide remediation have and how they impact cytotoxicity. With this particular intention, Fe-modified zeolites (obtained via citrate/oxalate complexes) of three zeotypes (MFI, BEA and FAU) were prepared and tested as adsorbents and Fenton catalysts for the removal of the acetamiprid pesticide. The materials are characterized by AFM, FTIR spectroscopy and ICP-OES. A different effect of the zeolite framework and modification route was found among the samples, which leads to pronounced adsorption (FAU), efficient Fenton degradation (MFI) or synergistic effect of both mechanisms (BEA). The cytotoxic effects of acetamiprid in the presence of zeolites, in pristine and modified forms, were tested on the MRC-5 human fibroblast cell line. A complete survey of the toxicity effect behind different pesticide removal methods is presented. Since neither adsorption nor catalytic degradation is the best option for pesticide removal, the focus is shifted to a combination of these methods, which proved to be optimal for pesticide toxicity reduction.

Galectin-3, Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Target.

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur due to the imbalance between microbial communities in the oral cavity and the immune response of the host that lead to destruction of tooth supporting structures and finally to alveolar bone loss. Galectin-3 is a ß-galactoside-binding lectin with important roles in numerous biological processes. By direct binding to microbes and modulation of their clearence, Galectin-3 can affect the composition of microbial community in the oral cavity. Galectin-3 also modulates the function of many immune cells in the gingiva and gingival sulcus and thus can affect immune homeostasis. Few clinical studies demonstrated increased expression of Galectin-3 in different forms of periodontal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the possible effects of Galectin-3 on the process of immune homeostasis and the balance between oral microbial community and host response and to provide insights into the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in periodontal disease.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Mixture of Dipropyl Polysulfides in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis.

The main biologically active components of plants belonging to the genus Allium, responsible for their biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory, are organosulfur compounds. The aim of this study was to synthetize the mixture of dipropyl polysulfides (DPPS) and to test their biological activity in acute hepatitis. C57BL/6 mice were administered orally with DPPS 6 h before intravenous injection of Concanavalin A (ConA). Liver inflammation, necrosis and hepatocytes apoptosis were determined by histological analyses. Cytokines in liver tissue were determined by ELISA, expression of adhesive molecules and enzymes by RT PCR, while liver mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. DPPS pretreatment significantly attenuated liver inflammation and injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological observations. In DPPS-pretreated mice, messenger RNA levels of adhesion molecules and NADPH oxidase complex were significantly reduced, while the expression of SOD enzymes was enhanced. DPPS pretreatment decreased protein level of inflammatory cytokines and increased percentage of T regulatory cells in the livers of ConA mice. DPPS showed hepatoprotective effects in ConA-induced hepatitis, characterized by attenuation of inflammation and affection of Th17/Treg balance in favor of T regulatory cells and implicating potential therapeutic usage of DPPS mixture in inflammatory liver diseases.

Shikonin Derivatives from Onsoma visianii Decrease Expression of Phosphorylated STAT3 in Leukemia Cells and Exert Antitumor Activity.

Antitumor effects of shikonins on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) are mostly unexplored. The antitumor activity of shikonins, isolated from Onosma visianii Clem (Boraginaceae), in BCL1, mouse CLL cells and JVM-13, human B-PLL cells was explored in this study. The cytotoxicity of shikonin derivatives was measured by an MTT test. Cell death, proliferation, cell cycle, and expression of molecules that control these processes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of STAT3-regulated genes was analyzed by real-time q-RT-PCR (Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction). The antitumor effects of shikonin derivatives in vivo were analyzed, using flow cytometry, by detection of leukemia cells in the peripheral blood and spleens of mice intravenously injected with BCL1 cells. The two most potent derivatives, isobutyrylshikonin (IBS) and α-methylbutyrylshikonin (MBS), induced cell cycle disturbances and apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, and decreased expression of phospho-STAT3 and downstream-regulated molecules in BCL1 and JVM-13 cells. IBS and MBS decreased the percentage of leukemia cells in vivo. The link between the decrease in phosphorylated STAT3 by MBS and IBS and BCL1 cell death was confirmed by detection of enhanced cell death after addition of AG490, an inhibitor of Jak2 kinase. It seems that IBS and MBS, by decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation, trigger apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and attenuate leukemia cell stemness.

Modulation of cytotoxicity by consecutive adsorption of tannic acid and pesticides on surfactant functionalized zeolites.

This study investigated the environmental application of FAU type zeolites modified with cationic surfactants (cetylpyridinium chloride, tetrapropylammonium chloride and benzalkonium chloride). Adsorbent characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, atomic force microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The efficiency for tannic acid adsorption from aqueous solution on the surface of prepared composites is studied and the adsorption process was modelled with different isotherm equations. Surfactant modifications of zeolites led to improved adsorption properties compared to FAU zeolites alone. The proposed mechanism controlling the adsorption of tannic acid onto surfactant modified zeolites mainly relies on π-π and hydrophobic interactions. The investigated materials are promising adsorbents for tannic acid and similar phenolics and may be important for environmental and dietary aspects of polyphenol persistence and usage. Further on, functionalized zeolites were studied for insecticide acetamiprid removal, prior to and after tannic acid retention. Promising findings of insecticide co-adsorption with tannic acid led to cytotoxicity evaluation. The cytotoxicity modulation effect of zeolites and tannic acid on acetamiprid points to the essential role of both components in insecticide toxicity reduction.

Galectin-3 in Inflammasome Activation and Primary Biliary Cholangitis Development.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric complex of proteins that after activation with various stimuli initiates an inflammatory process. Increasing data obtained from animal studies implicate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Galectin-3 is a ß-galactoside-binding lectin that plays important roles in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, inflammation, fibrosis and host defense. The multilineage immune response at various stages of PBC development includes the involvement of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of this disease. The role of Galectin-3 in the specific binding to NLRP3, and inflammasome activation in models of primary biliary cholangitis has been recently described. This review provides a brief pathogenesis of PBC and discusses the current knowledge about the role of Gal-3 in NLRP3 activation and PBC development.

In vitro cytotoxic activities, DNA- and BSA-binding studies of dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with different pyridine-based bridging ligands.

Three new dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with general formula [{Pd(en)Cl}2(µ-L)]2+ (L is pyridine-based bridging ligand 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy, 1), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpa, 2), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe, 3) and en is bidentate coordinated ethylenediamine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalyses, NMR (1H and 13C), IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxic activity of these complexes against human A549 and murine LLC1 lung cancer cells, as well as two human HCT116 and SW480 and one murine CT26 colon cancer cells was investigated using MTT assay (MTT is 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The potential of complexes 1-3 to induce apoptosis was tested by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V and propidium iodide stained treated cells, while their antiproliferative activity was analyzed by detection of Ki67 expression in treated cancer cells. The DNA binding affinity of complexes 1-3 was evaluated by UV-Vis, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and by viscosity measurements in aqueous phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.40. Furthermore, interaction of these complexes with bovine serum albumin was investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. The present study showed that the nature of pyridine-based bridging ligand (L) in dinuclear [{Pd(en)Cl}2(µ-L)]2+ complex has an influence on the complex preference for the cytotoxic activity and CT-DNA/BSA (CT-DNA is calf thymus DNA and BSA is bovine serum albumin) binding affinity.

Interleukin-17 in Chronic Inflammatory Neurological Diseases.

A critical role for IL-17, a cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has been indicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A positive effect of blockade of IL-17 secreted by autoreactive T cells has been shown in various inflammatory diseases. Several cytokines, whose production is affected by environmental factors, control Th17 differentiation and its maintenance in tissues during chronic inflammation. The roles of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions, multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Alzheimer's disease, and ischemic brain injury are reviewed here. The role of environmental stimuli in Th17 differentiation is also summarized, highlighting the role of viral infection in the regulation of pathogenic T helper cells in EAE.

New dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with benzodiazines as bridging ligands: interactions with CT-DNA and BSA, and cytotoxic activity.

Three new dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with general formula [{Pd(en)Cl}2(µ-L)](NO3)2 [L is bridging ligand quinoxaline (Pd1), quinazoline (Pd2) and phthalazine (Pd3)] were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalyses, UV-Vis, IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The interaction of dinuclear Pd1-Pd3 complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been monitored by viscosity measurements, UV-Vis and fluorescence emission spectroscopy in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.40 and 37 °C. In addition, these experimental conditions have been applied to investigate the binding affinities of Pd1-Pd3 complexes to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. In vitro antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of the dinuclear Pd(II) complexes have been tested on colorectal and lung cancer cell lines. All tested Pd(II) complexes had lower cytotoxic effect than cisplatin against colorectal cancer cells, but also had similar or even higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin against lung cancer cells. All complexes induced apoptosis of colorectal and lung cancer cells, while the highest antiproliferative effect exerted Pd2 complex.