A Study on Distinguishing ChatGPT-Generated and Human-Written Orthopaedic Abstracts by Reviewers: Decoding the Discrepancies.

BACKGROUND: ChatGPT (OpenAI Incorporated, Mission District, San Francisco, United States) is an artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model that generates human-resembling texts. This AI-generated literary work is comprehensible and contextually relevant and it is really difficult to differentiate from human-written content. ChatGPT has risen in popularity lately and is widely utilized in scholarly manuscript drafting. The aim of this study is to identify if 1) human reviewers can differentiate between AI-generated and human-written abstracts and 2) AI detectors are currently reliable in detecting AI-generated abstracts. METHODS: Seven blinded reviewers were asked to read 21 abstracts and differentiate which were AI-generated and which were human-written. The first group consisted of three orthopaedic residents with limited research experience (OR). The second group included three orthopaedic professors with extensive research experience (OP). The seventh reviewer was a non-orthopaedic doctor and acted as a control in terms of expertise. All abstracts were scanned by a plagiarism detector program. The performance of detecting AI-generated abstracts of two different AI detectors was also analyzed. A structured interview was conducted at the end of the survey in order to evaluate the decision-making process utilized by each reviewer. RESULTS: The OR group managed to identify correctly 34.9% of the abstracts' authorship and the OP group 31.7%. The non-orthopaedic control identified correctly 76.2%. All AI-generated abstracts were 100% unique (0% plagiarism). The first AI detector managed to identify correctly only 9/21 (42.9%) of the abstracts' authors, whereas the second AI detector identified 14/21 (66.6%). CONCLUSION: Inability to correctly identify AI-generated context poses a significant scientific risk as "false" abstracts can end up in scientific conferences or publications. Neither expertise nor research background was shown to have any meaningful impact on the predictive outcome. Focus on statistical data presentation may help the differentiation process. Further research is warranted in order to highlight which elements could help reveal an AI-generated abstract.

Parental Home Safety Practices for Domestic Accident Prevention: How Prepared Were Parents for COVID-19 Confinement? A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Children are susceptible to home injuries. How prepared parents were to protect their children from accidents before and during the COVID-19 quarantine is uncertain. (2) Methods: We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study in Greece between November and December 2021. We asked parents to complete an anonymous questionnaire voluntarily. Questions focused on accident-preventive measures taken at home during the COVID-19 quarantine. (3) Results: A greater proportion of parents took protective measures for a safer home before the lockdown than during the quarantine, while an interesting percentage of parents never utilized preventive measures for their children. Slightly more than half (58.6%) of parents did not seem to worry about a possible increase in domestic accidents during the quarantine. It was observed that those who had one or two children took more protective measures than those with more than two children. Older parents seemed to explain to their children how to access emergency services more often. Mothers stayed at home with the children more often, and their education affected the presence of some of the assessed measures. In our logistic regression modeling, parental concern about accidents was more related to the incidence of an accident during the pandemic and attendance at seminars. (4) Conclusions: Although the COVID-19 lockdowns disorganized family life, parents were aware of the importance of their parenting role in creating a safe environment for children, but according to the study, there is room for improvement.

Antenatally-detected liver cysts: Causes and characteristics, indications for intervention.

AIM: The prevalence of antenatally-detected hepatic cysts is increasing owing to increased use of maternal ultrasonography (USS). Diagnostic precision, however, is challenging and subsequently there is no clear consensus on postnatal management. The aim of the study was to evaluate the natural history and long-term follow up of congenital simple hepatic cysts. METHODS: Single-center review of prospectively-maintained dataset collected over a 25-year period. Data are quoted as median (range). RESULTS: In the period 1991-2016, 31 infants presented with an antenatally-detected cyst which, on postnatal imaging, was likely confirmed as a simple parenchymal hepatic cyst. These together with a further infant who presented at 4 days without any antenatal imaging comprised the study group (n = 32). Gestational age at detection was 23 (13-38) weeks. Maximum antenatal cyst diameter was measured at 19 (4-120) mm. Only the largest required percutaneous aspiration at 35 weeks' gestation being associated with polyhydramnios. Postnatally, serial USS was performed alongside MRI/CT or liver scintigraphy if there was diagnostic doubt. Initial maximum cyst diameter was 30 (12-120) mm. Five infants came to surgical intervention and this included excision ± marsupialization (n = 4), and a cyst-jejunostomy en Roux in one child thought to have a connection with the biliary tract on intraoperative cholangiography. The mucosal lining in two cysts showed areas of squamous metaplasia, with one more showing an intact squamous lining probably more consistent with an epidermoid cyst. In the remaining cases (n = 27), all asymptomatic, serial USS showed volume maintenance (n = 16) actual volume regression (n = 4) and resolution (n = 7). Median follow-up in these cases was 42 (4-252) months. CONCLUSION: This is the largest case series to date of antenatally-detected simple hepatic cysts. Most can be managed conservatively, and relative regression or resolution is likely. Surgical intervention should be reserved for those: that are large at the outset; show rapid cyst growth - these being typically exophytic in nature; wall irregularity or where there is diagnostic doubt. TYPE OF STUDY: Case series. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Higher incidence of surgery-related complications in Wilms tumor nephrectomy from clinical records analysis compared with central database registration.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Central database registrations are widely used tools for assessment of clinical results, but their reliability is subject to debate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of central database registration for Wilms tumor (WT) nephrectomy-related complications. DESIGN/METHODS: All Dutch patients undergoing WT nephrectomy according to the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) 2001 protocol between 2001 and 2013 were evaluated. Results from the central database were analyzed and compared with data found via individual medical records analysis (gold standard). RESULTS: A total of 179 patients were included. Fourteen (7.8%) patients with a total of 17 complications were identified in the central database. The medical records revealed that 33 (18.4%) of patients had undergone a total of 41 complications (P < 0.001). Operative complications were similar between the groups (P = 0.157). Eleven short-term complications were noted in the central database versus 27 in the medical records (P = 0.059). Significantly more long-term complications, namely, adhesive small-bowel obstruction, were noted from the medical records compared with the central database (7 vs 1, respectively, P < 0.001). Postoperative chemotherapy was significantly delayed by on average 6 days (P < 0.0001) in patients with complications. No significant effect of complications on event-free survival, overall survival, or the relapse rate was recorded. CONCLUSION: Central database registrations underestimate the incidence of surgery-related complications after WT nephrectomy and need to be regarded with caution.

Kelly procedure for male primary epispadias.

INTRODUCTION: Primary epispadias is a rare congenital malformation involving the urogenital system. In patients with epispadias, bladder closure enhances bladder growth and continence. METHODS: Several steps were carried out to bring the bladder neck to the midline and allow tension-free bladder neck reconstruction and recreation of the natural angulation of urethra. The urethral plate and penile shaft were dissected and the corpora cavernosa separated, and then the bladder neck repair was performed. The urethral plate was tubularised and brought ventrally. The separated corpora were reapposed, avoiding torsion. The skin was reoriented to provide cover to the penis. RESULTS: The Kelly procedure improves cosmesis and continence by reconstructing a tension-free bladder neck repair and lengthening the penis. CONCLUSION: The video demonstrates the Kelly procedure for primary epispadias in a male child.