Lessons from the historical dynamics of environmental law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon.

Here, we analyze critical changes in environmental law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon between 2000 and 2020. Based on a dataset of law enforcement indicators, we discuss how these changes explain recent Amazon deforestation dynamics. Our analysis also covers changes in the legal prosecution process and documents a militarization of enforcement between 2018 and 2022. From 2004 to 2018, 43.6 thousand land-use embargoes and 84.3 thousand fines were issued, targeting 3.3 million ha of land, and totaling USD 9.3 billion in penalties. Nevertheless, enforcement relaxed and became spatially more limited, signaling an increasing lack of commitment by the State to enforcing the law. The number of embargoes and asset confiscations dropped by 59% and 55% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. These changes were accompanied by a marked increase in enforcement expenditure, suggesting a massive efficiency loss. More importantly, the creation of so-called conciliation hearings and the centralization of legal processes in 2019 reduced the number of actual judgments and fines collected by 85% and decreased the ratio between lawsuits resulting in paid fines over filed ones from 17 to 5%. As Brazil gears up to crack-down on illegal deforestation once again, our assessment suggests urgent entry points for policy action.

Diagnóstico e fatores de risco do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina no município de Salinas, Minas Gerais / Diagnosis and risk factors of bovine taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Com o objetivo de diagnosticar a situação do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina no município de Salinas, Minas Gerais, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 355 bovinos distribuídos em 18 propriedades rurais, sorteadas aleatoriamente. Em cada propriedade, foi aplicado um questionário socioeconômico para a análise de fatores que favorecem a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina. Foi realizado também um levantamento epidemiológico dos casos de teníase diagnosticados nos laboratórios credenciados pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Salinas, no período de 2007 a 2010. A prevalência de cisticercose bovina foi de 4,70% enquanto as prevalências de teníase, encontradas durante os quatro períodos avaliados, foram de 0,29%, 0,36%, 0,24% e 0,24%. Entre os fatores de risco para a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose analisados, foi observada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a ocorrência de cisticercose bovina e a ingestão de carne malpassada pelos entrevistados. Foi concluído que a cisticercose bovina está presente no município de Salinas, Minas Gerais, sendo o tratamento térmico ineficiente da carne bovina o principal fator de risco para a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose, o que reforça a necessidade da adoção de medidas de controle com contínua vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária.(AU)

In order to diagnose the situation of bovine taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the municipality of Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, blood samples were collected from 355 cattle in 18 randomly selected farms. A socioeconomic questionnaire was filled in each farm for the analysis of factors which favor the maintenance of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex. An epidemiological survey of human taeniasis was performed through analyses of the Municipal Health Department in the 2007-2010 period. A prevalence of 4.7% for bovine cysticercosis and the frequency of 0.29, 0.36, 0.24 and 0.24% for human taeniasis, during the evaluated period, was found. Among the risk factors, a statistically significant correlation was found between the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis and the ingestion of undercooked meat. It was concluded that bovine cysticercosis is present in the municipality of Salinas, due to inefficient heat treatment of the meat as the main risk factor for maintenance of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex, reinforcing the need to adopt control measures with continuous epidemiological and health surveillance.(AU)