A Rare Case of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis Leading to Multisystem Organ Failure Following Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.

Strongyloidiasis is a rare systemic parasitic infection caused by the nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis, that is often insidious and may remain dormant for many years before progressing to fulminant hyperinfection in an immunocompromised host. In this report, we present a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in a patient who underwent a deceased donor kidney transplantation 2 months prior to presentation. Our patient developed multisystem organ failure as well as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and ultimately died despite extensive resuscitative efforts and antiparasitic treatments. This report highlights the importance of routine screening for parasitic diseases prior to organ transplantation, especially with donors from endemic regions of the world.

From high-flying trapeze to highly infectiousdisease: The history of dermatology in the circus.

There is fascination with the bright lights and high-risk stunts of circus performances that originated in 18th-century Paris. The idea began as a way to display the impressive horsemanship skills of trick-riders. In London, England, former cavalry Sergeant-Major Philip Astley (1742-1814) created a grand performance of horseback riders by adding several unique acts to distinguish his show. Astley's original riding school would later become his own circus, the Amphitheatre Anglais. By 1782, the Amphitheatre Anglais could boast of performances by acrobats, jugglers, gymnasts, and tight-rope walkers. Since then, the circus, as the concept became formally known, has grown worldwide. With its development, however, several unanticipated occurrences have followed, including various dermatologic pathologies. High physical demands on circus performers and close physical contact led to cellulitis, pyoderma, callosities, and various other soft tissue manifestations. However, some members of the circus family were, in fact, chosen due to their genetic and acquired aesthetic abnormalities: the more grotesque, the more sought after.

Decadron, Diamox, and Zantac: A Novel Combination for Ventricular Shunt Failure in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral ventricular shunt failure is common and presents with symptoms that range from headaches to death. The combination of Diamox (acetazolamide), Decadron (dexamethasone), and Zantac (ranitidine) (DDZ) is used at our institution to medically stabilize pediatric patients presenting with symptomatic shunt failure before shunt revision. We describe our experience of this drug combination as a temporizing measure to decrease symptoms associated with shunt failure. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective chart review of patients younger than 18 years with ventricular shunt failure who underwent a shunt revision between January 2015 to October 2017 and received DDZ before surgery. The outcome variables evaluated included pre-DDZ and post-DDZ clinical symptoms, pain scores, and vital signs. RESULTS: There were 112 cases that received DDZ before shunt revision. The 4 most commonly reported symptoms were analyzed. Headache was observed in 42 cases pre-DDZ, and post-DDZ there was a 71% reduction in headache (P < 0.0001); emesis was reported pre-DDZ in 76 cases, and post-DDZ there was an 83% reduction (P < 0.0001); irritability was noted pre-DDZ in 30 cases, and post-DDZ there was a 77% reduction (P = 0.0003); lethargy pre-DDZ was observed in 60 cases, and post-DDZ 73% demonstrated improvement (P < 0.0001). Maximum pain scores significantly decreased post-DDZ (P < 0.0001). Heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures significantly decreased post-DDZ (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of Decadron, Diamox, and Zantac is a novel treatment for ventricular shunt failure that may temporarily improve symptoms in patients awaiting shunt revision. Future studies could compare efficacy with other medical treatments.

Prevalence and Outcomes of Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: In adult in-hospital cardiac arrest, pulmonary hypertension is associated with worse outcomes, but pulmonary hypertension-associated in-hospital cardiac arrest has not been well studied in children. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension among children with in-hospital cardiac arrest and its impact on outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective single-center cohort study. SETTING: PICU of a quaternary care, academic children's hospital. PATIENTS: Children (<18 yr old) receiving greater than or equal to 1 minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) for an index in-hospital cardiac arrest with an echocardiogram in the 48 hours preceding in-hospital cardiac arrest, excluding those with cyanotic congenital heart disease. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 284 in-hospital cardiac arrest subjects, 57 (20%) had evaluable echocardiograms, which were analyzed by a cardiologist blinded to patient characteristics. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 20 of 57 (35%); nine of 20 (45%) had no prior pulmonary hypertension history. Children with pulmonary hypertension had worse right ventricular systolic function, measured by fractional area change (p = 0.005) and right ventricular global longitudinal strain (p = 0.046); more right ventricular dilation (p = 0.010); and better left ventricular systolic function (p = 0.001). Children with pulmonary hypertension were more likely to have abnormal baseline functional status and a history of chronic lung disease or acyanotic congenital heart disease and less likely to have sepsis or acute kidney injury. Children with pulmonary hypertension were more likely to have an initial rhythm of pulseless electrical activity or asystole and were more frequently treated with inhaled nitric oxide (80% vs 32%; p < 0.001) at the time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. On multivariable analysis, pulmonary hypertension was not associated with event survival (14/20 [70%] vs 24/37 [65%]; adjusted odds ratio, 1.30 [CI95, 0.25-6.69]; p = 0.77) or survival to discharge (8/20 [40%] vs 10/37 [27%]; adjusted odds ratio, 1.17 [CI95, 0.22-6.44]; p = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary hypertension physiology preceding pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest may be more common than previously described. Among this cohort with a high frequency of inhaled nitric oxide treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, pulmonary hypertension was not associated with survival outcomes.

Perioperative near-infrared spectroscopy cerebral oxygen saturation in symptomatic pediatric hydrocephalus patients at risk for intracranial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The lack of a continuous, noninvasive modality for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major obstacle in the care of pediatric patients with hydrocephalus who are at risk for intracranial hypertension. Intracranial hypertension can lead to cerebral ischemia and brain tissue hypoxia. In this study, the authors evaluated the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in symptomatic pediatric patients with hydrocephalus concerning for elevated ICP. METHODS: The authors evaluated the NIRS rSO2 trends in pediatric patients presenting with acute hydrocephalus and clinical symptoms of intracranial hypertension. NIRS rSO2 values were recorded hourly before and after neurosurgical intervention. To test for significance between preoperative and postoperative values, the authors constructed a linear regression model with the rSO2 values as the outcome and pre- and postsurgery cohorts as the independent variable, adjusted for age and sex, and used the generalized estimating equation method to account for within-subject correlation. RESULTS: Twenty-two pediatric patients underwent NIRS rSO2 monitoring before and after CSF diversion surgery. The mean durations of NIRS rSO2 recording pre- and postoperatively were 13.95 and 26.82 hours, respectively. The mean pre- and postoperative rSO2 values were 73.84% and 80.65%, respectively, and the adjusted mean difference estimated from the regression model was 5.98% (adjusted p < 0.0001), suggestive of improved cerebral oxygenation after definitive neurosurgical CSF diversion treatment. Postoperatively, all patients returned to baseline neurological status with no clinical symptoms of elevated ICP. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral oxygenation trends measured by NIRS in symptomatic pediatric hydrocephalus patients with intracranial hypertension generally improve after CSF diversion surgery.

Pragmatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced Versus Normal Saline Fluid in Sepsis: The PRoMPT BOLUS Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation with crystalloid fluid is a cornerstone of pediatric septic shock treatment. However, the optimal type of crystalloid fluid is unknown. We aimed to determine the feasibility of conducting a pragmatic randomized trial to compare balanced (lactated Ringer's [LR]) with 0.9% normal saline (NS) fluid resuscitation in children with suspected septic shock. METHODS: Open-label pragmatic randomized controlled trial at a single academic children's hospital from January to August 2018. Eligible patients were >6 months to <18 years old who were treated in the emergency department for suspected septic shock, operationalized as blood culture, parenteral antibiotics, and fluid resuscitation for abnormal perfusion. Screening, enrollment, and randomization were carried out by the clinical team as part of routine care. Patients were randomized to receive either LR or NS for up to 48 hours following randomization. Other than fluid type, all treatment decisions were at the clinical team's discretion. Feasibility outcomes included proportion of eligible patients enrolled, acceptability of enrollment via the U.S. federal exception from informed consent (EFIC) regulations, and adherence to randomized study fluid administration. RESULTS: Of 59 eligible patients, 50 (85%) were enrolled and randomized. Twenty-four were randomized to LR and 26 to NS. Only one (2%) of 44 patients enrolled using EFIC withdrew before study completion. Total median (interquartile range [IQR]) crystalloid fluid volume received during the intervention window was 107 (60 to 155) mL/kg and 98 (63 to 128) mL/kg in the LR and NS arms, respectively (p = 0.50). Patients randomized to LR received a median (IQR) of only 20% (13 to 32) of all study fluid as NS compared to 99% (64% to 100%) of study fluid as NS in the NS arm (absolute difference = 79%, 95% CI = 48% to 85%). CONCLUSIONS: A pragmatic study design proved feasible to study comparative effectiveness of LR versus NS fluid resuscitation for pediatric septic shock.

From isolation to prosperity: Rediscovering the Carville Leprosarium.

For centuries, patients afflicted with the peripheral nerve damaging disease, leprosy-sometimes referred to as Hansen's Disease-were excluded from society and harshly stigmatized. Such stigmatization often stemmed from the belief that the disease was a punishment by G-d for wrongdoing. Leprosy's origins remain rooted throughout various European countries; however, the disease established its presence in North America around the late 18th century. In particular, major port cities that experienced high volume trade, such as New Orleans, were most susceptible to infection. In response to the ensuing Louisiana leprosy endemic, various medical pioneers established the first hospital in America dedicated solely to the treatment of lepers, the Carville Leprosarium. The World Health Organization's treatment recommendation, multidrug therapy, is one of many lifesaving discoveries made at the facility located nearly 70 miles north of New Orleans. Since opening in 1894, the Carville Leprosarium has treated hundreds of Americans infected with Mycobacterium leprae, the disease-causing agent responsible for leprosy.

Interrater Agreement of EEG Interpretation After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Using Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology.

PURPOSE: We evaluated interrater agreement of EEG interpretation in a cohort of critically ill children resuscitated after cardiac arrest using standardized EEG terminology. METHODS: Four pediatric electroencephalographers scored 10-minute EEG segments from 72 consecutive children obtained 24 hours after return of circulation using the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's (ACNS) Standardized Critical Care EEG terminology. The percent of perfect agreement and the kappa coefficient were calculated for each of the standardized EEG variables and a predetermined composite EEG background category. RESULTS: The overall background category (normal, slow-disorganized, discontinuous, or attenuated-featureless) had almost perfect agreement (kappa 0.89).The ACNS Standardized Critical Care EEG variables had agreement that was (1) almost perfect for the seizures variable (kappa 0.93), (2) substantial for the continuity (kappa 0.79), voltage (kappa 0.70), and sleep transient (kappa 0.65) variables, (3) moderate for the rhythmic or periodic patterns (kappa 0.55) and interictal epileptiform discharge (kappa 0.60) variables, and (4) fair for the predominant frequency (kappa 0.23) and symmetry (kappa 0.31) variables. Condensing variable options led to improved agreement for the continuity and voltage variables. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the use of the standardized terminology and the composite overall background category as a basis for standardized EEG interpretation for subsequent studies assessing EEG background for neuroprognostication after pediatric cardiac arrest.