Bile duct stone procedures are more frequent in patients with hypothyroidism. A large, registry-based, cohort study in Finland.

OBJECTIVE: Delayed bile flow may induce the formation/accumulation of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Bile flow is delayed in hypothyroidism, partly due to insufficient sphincter of Oddi relaxation. Patients with CBDS have higher incidences of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism compared to healthy controls and gallbladder stone patients. The aim of this large registry-based study was to investigate the prevalence of CBDS in patients with diagnosed hypothyroidism compared to age-, sex- and living area-adjusted glaucoma (control) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 2001, all patients with approved Special Medical Coverage (SMC) for hypothyroidism or glaucoma, and without other SMC approvals, were included. The glaucoma (control) cohort was adjusted for age, sex and area of residence. For each patient, onset of SMC, all prescription drugs and treatments for CBDS were noted. RESULTS: A total of 14,334 patients in each group met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-three patients (0.23%) in the hypothyroidism cohort and 23 (0.16%) in the glaucoma cohort had been treated for CBDS (p = 0.018). The groups did not differ in the number of CBDS treatments before the diagnosis of hypothyroidism or glaucoma. However, after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism or glaucoma there were significantly more CBD stone patients in the hypothyroid cohort (n = 25) than in the glaucoma cohort (n = 14) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosed hypothyroidism is a significant risk factor for CBDS. We hypothesize that CBD stone formation begins during the untreated period and develops/matures even after the medication has been initiated, raising the question of the efficiency of treatment in this respect. When treating CBDS patients, one should be aware of the possible hypothyroid background.

Lactase persistence, dietary intake of milk, and the risk for prostate cancer in Sweden and Finland.

Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. Its primary pathogenesis is mostly unknown. Dairy products containing lactose have been suggested to be risk factors for prostate cancer. Digestion of lactose is dependent on lactase activity in the intestinal wall. A single nucleotide polymorphism C to T residing 13,910 bp upstream of the lactase gene has been shown to associate with the developmental down-regulation of lactase activity underlying persistence/nonpersistence trait. To find out whether lactase persistence is related to the risk for prostate cancer, we genotyped 1,229 Finnish and 2,924 Swedish patients and their 473 Finnish and 1,842 Swedish controls using solid-phase minisequencing. To explore if dairy products have an association with prostate cancer, we analyzed the milk consumption in the Swedish study consisting of 1,499 prostate cancer patients and 1,130 controls (Cancer Prostate in Sweden I study) using a questionnaire. Only the consumption of low-fat milk was found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-2.39]. A statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) lactose intake was observed among subjects with high lactase activity (C/T and T/T genotypes) compared with those with low lactase activity (C/C genotype). Lactase persistence did not associate with increased risk for prostate carcinoma in the Finnish (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.47; P = 0.488) or in the Swedish populations (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91-1.46; P = 0.23). In conclusion, lactase persistence/nonpersistence contains no risk for prostate cancer. Analysis of different milk products showed some evidence for low-fat milk as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer.

Voice Activity and Participation Profile (VAPP) in assessing the effects of voice disorders on patients' quality of life: validity and reliability of the Finnish version of VAPP.

The Voice Activity and Participation Profile (VAPP) is a self-assessment questionnaire describing the limitation of activities and participation of individuals with dysphonia. In this study, the validity and reliability of the Finnish translation of the VAPP was evaluated using 43 outpatients with various functional and organic voice disorders. A control group was formed consisting of 43 subjects matched according to age, gender, and profession, with normal voices. The VAPP was sensitive for voice disorders and items in the questionnaire had high internal consistency. The VAPP had a strong correlation with the Voice Handicap Index. The results showed that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to measure voice-related quality of life. It also showed that limitations in activity and participation levels should be examined separately.

Transparent criteria for specialist level adolescent psychiatric care.

BACKGROUND: Rising health care costs and long waiting lists pose a challenge to public specialist level health services. In Finland, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health required all medical specialities to create a priority-rating tool for elective patients, preferably giving a numerical rating ranging 0-100, with 50 as an entry threshold. OBJECTIVE: To create and test the psychometric properties of a point-count measure for prioritising entry to public specialist level adolescent psychiatric services. METHOD: Around 710 referred adolescents were given ratings on 17 items focusing on symptom severity, problem behaviours, functioning, progress of adolescent development and prognosis. The structured ratings were compared to an overall assessment of need for treatment on a VAS scale. In order to ensure that the tool was not inappropriately sensitive to confounding by non-disturbance related factors, the associations between the structured priority rating and sex, age, referring agent, study site and diagnosis were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 17 items, 15 were included in the final priority-rating tool. The requirement than threshold score for entry to services being set at 50 points necessitated scoring factors rather than individual items. Four blocks of items were formed: symptoms and risks; impaired functioning; other relevant issues, and prognosis without specialist level treatment. Most of the referred adolescents scored over the threshold of 50. When diagnosis was controlled for, scoring over 50 was largely independent of age, sex, referring agent or study site. CONCLUSION: The structured priority ratings corresponded well with clinical global rating of need for care. The tool was not inappropriately sensitive to age, sex, referring agent or study site. In the future, follow-up studies will be needed to evaluate the predictive value of priority ratings.

KLF6 IVS1 -27G>A variant and the risk of prostate cancer in Finland.

OBJECTIVES: A recent report demonstrated that KLF6 IVS1 -27G>A substitution increases the transcription of alternatively spliced isoforms; this action was suggested to be associated with prostate cancer (pCA). To evaluate these findings among the Finnish population, a total of 3348 samples were analysed. METHODS: The variant was genotyped in 164 patients with familial pCA, 852 patients with unselected pCA, 459 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 923 male population controls, and 950 men from a Finnish prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening trial with PSA levels less than 1.0ng/ml. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated by using logistic regression to estimate pCA risk. RESULTS: Association testing revealed no significant differences between familial prostate cancer patients and population controls (OR: 0.84; 95%CI, 0.56-1.28; p=0.42), unselected cases and controls (OR: 0.95; 95%CI, 0.76-1.19; p=0.63), or BPH cases and controls (OR: 1.12; 95%CI, 0.86-1.46; p=0.39). pCA and BPH cases were also compared with PSA-screened controls. None of these analyses revealed any significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the suggested association of KLF6 IVS1 -27G>A germline polymorphism with pCA risk and also suggest that the variant is not a risk allele for BPH in the Finnish population.

Factors associated with physicians' choice of working sector: a national longitudinal survey in Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse factors affecting physicians' choice to work in either the public or the private sector. METHOD: We undertook a longitudinal data analysis in the years 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 (n = 12 909) using a multilevel modelling technique. Factors related to economic factors, physician identity, appreciation as well as demographic factors were hypothesised to influence sector choice. RESULTS: Physicians seem to make their career choices prior to graduation, at least to some extent. Wage levels, the physician's personal characteristics and whether or not the physician knew his or her place of work before graduation were the key factors affecting the decision-making process in the years 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003. Physicians for whom wages were important were less likely to choose the public sector. Also, physicians who regarded themselves as entrepreneurial preferred to work in the private sector. If a physician had worked in the public sector during his or her medical training before graduation, the probability of applying for a vacancy in the public sector was higher. CONCLUSION: It is not only economic factors, such as salary, that are involved in the physician's decision to choose the working sector.

Elevated serum anti-I2 and anti-OmpW antibody levels in children with IBD.

BACKGROUND: Bacteria are implicated as important factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to seek evidence of possible bacterial targets of the immune response related to IBD in children. METHODS: Seventy-eight children referred to the Department of Paediatrics at Tampere University Hospital on suspicion of IBD were included in the study. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies with biopsies were performed on all children. Sera from 75 children were tested for antibodies to the Pseudomonas fluorescens-associated sequence I2, a Bacteroides caccae TonB-linked outer membrane protein, OmpW, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. RESULTS: The IBD diagnosis was confirmed in 35 children (18 with Crohn's disease [CD], 12 with ulcerative colitis [UC], and 5 with indeterminate colitis [IC]); 43 children were found to have no inflammation in the gut. Forty-three percent (15 of 35) of those with IBD evinced positive seroreactivity to I2 and 46% (16 of 35) to OmpW. In CD, seroreactivity to I2 and OmpW was 50% (9 of 18) and 61% (11 of 18), respectively. Serum anti-I2 and anti-OmpW immunoglobulin A levels were significantly elevated in children with CD in comparison with the non-IBD group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively). A combination of OmpW, I2, and anti-S cerevisiae tests identified 94% of CD patients, and a combination of OmpW, I2, and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies detected 83% of UC cases. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with IBD, strong serological responses to microbial antigens can be found, suggesting that P fluorescens and B caccae antigens have a potential role in the microbiology and immunology of the disease. Furthermore, serologic reactivity to the set of antigens studied here seems to be applicable in the initial differential diagnosis of children with CD and UC.

Role of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 gene in familial and sporadic prostate cancer.

The Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1) gene, which participates in DNA double strand break repair, has been postulated to be a susceptibility factor for a number of cancers, including prostate cancer. Numerous mutations have been identified in NBS1, including the founder mutation 657del5. In this study, a number of analyses were done to determine whether mutations in NBS1 are associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer. The frequency of the 657del5 mutation in both familial prostate cancer cases (1,819 affected men among 909 families) and sporadic prostate cancer cases (1,218 affected men) collected from five centers participating in the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics were compared with that found in 697 normal controls. Seven individuals were identified to carry the mutation among the 3,037 cases screened: four in the familial group (three from one family and one from another) and three in the sporadic cases. The carrier frequency was 0.22% (2 of 909) for the probands and 0.25% (3 of 1,218) for the sporadic cases of prostate cancer. The 657del5 mutation was not detected in either the 293 unaffected members of the prostate cancer families or in the 697 control samples tested. The entire NBS1 gene was also sequenced in 20 of the youngest affected individuals from the Finnish group of familial cases to identify the presence of possible mutations in this high-risk group. One rare (D95N) and one common (E185Q) missense alteration was identified. More detailed analyses of the E185Q polymorphism, along with a third rare variant (R215W), failed to show an association with prostate cancer. Because the 657del5 mutation was absent from the control population, we are unable to determine if this alteration predisposes to prostate cancer. However, our data does suggest that mutations within NBS1, and in particular, 657del5, do not significantly contribute to the overall prostate cancer burden within our patient samples.

Profiling genetic variation along the androgen biosynthesis and metabolism pathways implicates several single nucleotide polymorphisms and their combinations as prostate cancer risk factors.

Several candidate genes along androgen pathway have been suggested to affect prostate cancer risk but no single gene seems to be overwhelmingly important for a large fraction of the patients. In this study, we first screened for variants in candidate genes and then chose to explore the association between 18 variants and prostate cancer risk by genotyping DNA samples from unselected (n = 847) and familial (n = 121) prostate cancer patients and population controls (n = 923). We identified a novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CYP19A1 gene, T201M, with a mild significant association with prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 2.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03-4.03; P = 0.04]. Stratified analysis revealed that this risk was most apparent in patients with organ-confined (T(1)-T(2)) and low-grade (WHO grade 1) tumors (OR, 5.42; 95% CI, 2.33-12.6; P < 0.0001). In contrast, CYP17A1 -34T>C alteration was associated with moderate to poorly differentiated (WHO grade 2-3) organ-confined disease (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09-1.83; P = 0.007). We also tested a multigenic model of prostate cancer risk by calculating the joint effect of CYP19A1 T201M with five other common SNPs. Individuals carrying both the CYP19A1 and KLK3 -252A>G variant alleles had a significantly increased risk for prostate cancer (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.10-7.49; P = 0.03). In conclusion, our results suggest that several SNPs along the androgen pathway, especially in CYP19A1 and CYP17A1, may influence prostate cancer development and progression. These genes may have different contributions to distinct clinical subsets as well as combinatorial effects in others illustrating that profiling and joint analysis of several genes along each pathway may be needed to understand genetic contributions to prostate cancer etiology.

Hemochromatosis gene mutations among Finnish male breast and prostate cancer patients.

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), the most common genetic disease in northern Europeans, is an autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism. The association between hepatocellular carcinoma and HFE homozygosity is well documented, but recently HFE hetero- and homozygosity has also been linked to nonhepatocellular malignancies, including female breast cancer. We hypothesized that C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFE gene could contribute to male breast cancer (MBC) and prostate cancer (PC) susceptibility at the population level in Finland. We screened the 2 major HFE mutations, H63D and C282Y, from 116 MBC cases diagnosed in Finland between 1967 and 1996, 843 consecutive unselected PC cases diagnosed at the Pirkanmaa Hospital District between 1999 and 2001 and 480 anonymous blood donor controls by minisequencing. Our results indicate that the frequencies of the HFE mutations do not significantly differ between MBC and PC patients and the population-based controls. No significantly altered risks for MBC or PC among carriers of the 2 variants were observed. However, HFE mutations were seen twice as often among carriers of a common BRCA2 mutation 9346(-2)A-->G compared with the rest of the MBC cases, indicating that HFE may be an MBC risk modifier gene among BRCA2 mutation carriers. In conclusion, our results indicate a minor role for the HFE mutations C282Y and H63D in the causation of MBC and PC, but carriers of both BRCA2 9346(-2)A-->G and an HFE mutation may be at an increased risk.

Hereditary prostate cancer in Finland: fine-mapping validates 3p26 as a major predisposition locus.

In a recent genome-wide linkage (GWL) analysis of Finnish families at high risk for prostate cancer, we found two novel putative susceptibility loci at 3p25-p26 and 11q14. Here, we report the fine-mapping of these two critical regions at high resolution with 39 microsatellite markers in 16 families, including multiplex families that were not used in the GWL scan. The maximum multipoint HLOD was 3.39 at 3p26 and 1.42 at 11q14. The highest LOD scores were seen around markers D3S1270 and D3S4559 (alpha=0.89), covering approximately two megabases. The two known genes in this region CHL1 (cell adhesion molecule with homology to L1CAM) and CNTN6 (contactin 6) were screened for exonic mutations in the families showing the strongest linkage, but no disease-segregating sequence variants were observed. The recombination map pointed to a region proximal to the area of best linkage, suggesting that more genes may need to be investigated as candidates. These results provide strong evidence for the existence of a prostate cancer susceptibility gene at 3p26 in Finnish prostate cancer families. This locus has not been strongly linked with hereditary prostate cancer in other populations. However, the mildly positive 3p LOD scores in a recent GWL analysis of patients from the United States suggest that the locus may also be important in other populations.

Germ-line alterations in MSR1 gene and prostate cancer risk.

PURPOSE: The MSR1 gene maps to 8p22-23, a novel susceptibility locus for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC). Mutations in MSR1 have been reported to associate with prostate cancer (PRCA) risk. Here we report a follow-up study from Finland to evaluate the association between PRCA and MSR1 gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The youngest affected patient from each of 120 HPC families was initially used for the screening of MSR1 mutations by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Selected variants of MSR1 gene were then screened in 537 unselected PRCA cases and in 480 controls. RESULTS: Among 120 HPC families, five MSR1 sequence variants were identified. The carrier frequencies of the R293X, P275A, and -14743A>G variants were compared between the probands with HPC, unselected PRCA cases, and healthy male blood donors. No significant differences were observed. The odds ratios for R293X, P275A, and -14743A>G mutations were also calculated to estimate the PRCA risk. No significantly elevated or lowered risks for PRCA among these three variants were detected. However, the mean age at diagnosis of the R293X mutation carriers among HPC probands was significantly lower compared with noncarriers (55.4 versus 65.4 years; t test, P = 0.04). The same trend was observed among unselected PRCA cases (65.7 versus 68.7 years; t test, P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support a major role for the MSR1 gene in the causation of hereditary or unselected PRCAs but suggest a possible modifying role in cancer predisposition.

Androgen receptor CAG polymorphism and prostate cancer risk.

Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms of the androgen receptor gene ( AR) may influence the risk of prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Here, we analyzed the length of the CAG repeat of the AR gene in 1363 individuals, including patients with PC, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and population controls. There was a tendency for short CAG repeats to be associated with PC. The Odds Ratio (OR) for PC was 1.47 ( P=0.05) when individuals with short CAG repeats (18). CAG repeat length was not significantly associated with family history, disease stage, grade, age at diagnosis, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at diagnosis, or prognosis of the patients. Unexpectedly, short CAG repeats were significantly less common in patients with BPH compared with controls (OR=0.47, P=0.03). Our results suggest that the CAG polymorphism of the AR gene is unlikely to have a major role in the development or progression of PC in the Finnish population. The association of CAG repeats with the risk of BPH warrants further study.

Germline alterations of the RNASEL gene, a candidate HPC1 gene at 1q25, in patients and families with prostate cancer.

The RNASEL gene (2',5'-oligoisoadenylate-synthetase dependent) encodes a ribonuclease that mediates the antiviral and apoptotic activities of interferons. The RNASEL gene maps to the hereditary-prostate-cancer (HPC)-predisposition locus at 1q24-q25 (HPC1) and was recently shown to harbor truncating mutations in two families with linkage to HPC1. Here, we screened for RNASEL germline mutations in 66 Finnish patients with HPC, and we determined the frequency of the changes in the index patients from 116 families with HPC, in 492 patients with unselected prostate cancer (PRCA), in 223 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in 566 controls. A truncating mutation, E265X, was found in 5 (4.3%) of the 116 patients from families with HPC. This was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR] =4.56; P=.04) than the frequency of E265X in controls (1.8%). The highest mutation frequency (9.5%) was found in patients from families with four or more affected members. Possible segregation was detected only in a single family. However, the median age at disease onset for E265X carriers was 11 years less than that for noncarriers in the same families. In addition, of the four missense variants found, R462Q showed an association with HPC (OR=1.96; P=.07). None of the variants showed any differences between controls and either patients with BPH or patients with PRCA. We conclude that, although RNASEL mutations do not explain disease segregation in Finnish families with HPC, the variants are enriched in families with HPC that include more than two affected members and may also be associated with the age at disease onset. This suggests a possible modifying role in cancer predisposition. The impact that the RNASEL sequence variants have on PRCA burden at the population level seems small but deserves further study.