Clinical Outcomes and Cost Implications of a Community Psychosocial Rehabilitation Service for Severe and Persistent Mental Illness in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Introduction: Individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) present distinct challenges in mental healthcare due to the chronic and complex nature of their conditions. This study was conducted to assess the clinical efficacy and potential cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary community-based psychosocial rehabilitation team serving individuals with SPMI in Nova Scotia, Canada. Method: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a community-based psychosocial rehabilitation program on individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) in Nova Scotia, Canada. This research focused on clinical outcomes and potential cost savings following a one-year intervention, offering critical insights into the benefits of community-based care for this population. A cohort of 137 clients accepted into the community rehabilitation service (Connections Dartmouth) between September 2016 and September 2020 was analyzed. Each participant received one year of community rehabilitation intervention. Using data from the Canadian Medical Service Insurance (MSI) billing system, this research compared the use of inpatient services and Emergency Department visits in the year prior to and the year following the intervention. The findings provide valuable evidence on the role of community rehabilitation in reducing healthcare utilization for individuals with SPMI. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in mean admission rates and length of inpatient admissions in the year following rehabilitation compared to the pre-rehabilitation year. A substantial percentage of patients experienced no inpatient admissions (88% vs. 60%) or Emergency Department visits (82% vs. 67%) in the post-rehabilitation year, compared to the pre-rehabilitation year. There was a significant reduction in inpatient days by 90%, translating into substantial cost savings. The findings highlight the potential economic benefits of community rehabilitation for people with SPMI. Conclusions: This uncontrolled study suggests that community rehabilitation is associated with positive clinical outcomes for individuals with SPMI in terms of reduced inpatient service use and associated costs. Further research, including controlled studies and cost-effectiveness studies, into the community psychosocial rehabilitation services in the Canadian setting is needed.

Exploring the Quality-of-Care Dynamics of Inpatient Psychosocial Rehabilitation in Community-Based Mental Health Services: A Comprehensive Analysis.

This study aims to investigate the intricacies of inpatient psychosocial rehabilitation by examining a community-based mental health inpatient rehabilitation service in Nova Scotia, Canada. It provides a comparative analysis with national standards using the Quality Indicator for Rehabilitative Care (QuIRC) and offers recommendations for improvement. The study will link findings to research on enhancing specific domains, focusing on strategies to address identified challenges and leverage opportunities to meet or exceed national benchmarks in promoting recovery and social inclusion. This study utilizes the QuIRC as a primary assessment tool to evaluate the quality of care in psychiatric and psychosocial rehabilitation care unit. The QuIRC assessment findings reveal crucial insights across several domains, including the living and therapeutic environment, treatments and interventions, self-management and autonomy, social interface, human rights, and recovery-based practices. The study identifies strengths and areas for improvement by comparing unit scores with national averages in Canada, offering a detailed examination of the quality of care provided in a community-based psychosocial rehabilitation service. Using the QuIRC identifies strengths and areas for improvement of current care provided, opening opportunities for positive change and improved quality of care. By highlighting the critical indicators of the quality of care and best practices derived from the QuIRC assessment, this study provides practical insights that can be directly applied by practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders, fostering an understanding of essential elements that support effective mental health rehabilitation within community settings.

Reducing wait times and avoiding unnecessary use of high-cost mental health services through a Rapid Access and Stabilization Program: protocol for a program evaluation study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency psychiatric care, unplanned hospital admissions, and inpatient health care are the costliest forms of mental health care. According to Statistics Canada (2018), almost 18% (5.3 million) of Canadians reported needing mental health support. However, just above half of this figure (56.2%) have reported their needs were fully met. In light of this evidence there is a pressing need to provide accessible mental health services in flexible yet cost-effective ways. To further expand capacity and access to mental health care in the province, Nova Scotia Health has launched a novel mental health initiative for people in need of mental health care without requiring emergency department visits or hospitalization. This new service is referred to as the Rapid Access and Stabilization Program (RASP). This study evaluates the effectiveness and impact of the RASP on high-cost health services utilization (e.g. ED visits, mobile crisis visits, and inpatient treatments) and related costs. It also assesses healthcare partners' (e.g. healthcare providers, policymakers, community leaders) perceptions and patient experiences and satisfaction with the program and identifies sociodemographic characteristics, psychological conditions, recovery, well-being, and risk measures in the assisted population. METHOD: This is a hypothesis-driven program evaluation study that employs a mixed methods approach. A within-subject comparison (pre- and post-evaluation study) will examine health services utilization data from patients attending RASP, one year before and one year after their psychiatry assessment at the program. A controlled between-subject comparison (cohort study) will use historical data from a control population will examine whether possible changes in high-cost health services utilization are associated with the intervention (RASP). The primary analysis involves extracting secondary data from provincial information systems, electronic medical records, and regular self-reported clinical assessments. Additionally, a qualitative sub-study will examine patient experience and satisfaction, and health care partners' impressions. DISCUSSION: We expect that RASP evaluation findings will demonstrate a minimum 10% reduction in high-cost health services utilization and corresponding 10% cost savings, and also a reduction in the wait times for patient consultations with psychiatrists to less than 30 calendar days, in both within-subject and between-subject comparisons. In addition, we anticipate that patients, healthcare providers and healthcare partners would express high levels of satisfaction with the new service. CONCLUSION: This study will demonstrate the results of the Mental Health and Addictions Program (MHAP) efforts to provide stepped-care, particularly community-based support, to individuals with mental illnesses. Results will provide new insights into a novel community-based approach to mental health service delivery and contribute to knowledge on how to implement mental health programs across varying contexts.

Three-year-cohort-study: clinical and cost effectiveness of an inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation.

Introduction: There has been a resurgence of interest in psychiatric rehabilitation to cater to patients with chronic and complex mental illnesses. Aims: This study is aimed at examining patients' characteristics and the prevalence of psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidity in a local inpatient rehabilitation service, as well as to investigate the impact of the whole-system approach to rehabilitation on future utilization of mental health services and to analyze the cost-effectiveness and quality of this service. Method: Patients managed over 3 years in a psychiatric rehabilitation inpatient unit were self-controlled; they were retrospectively (pre-rehabilitation) and prospectively (post-rehabilitation) examined for readmission rate, length of stay (LOS), and emergency room (ER) visits. Relevant information was retrieved from Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), Patient Registration System (STAR), and Emergency Department Information System (EDIS). The quality of care in the rehabilitation unit was examined using the Quality Indicator for Rehabilitative Care (QuIRC), and the cost analysis was conducted using data obtained from a single-payer government medical service insurance (MSI) billing system. Results: Of the 185 patients admitted over the study period, 158 were discharged. There was a significant reduction in readmission rate (64% decrease), LOS (6,585 fewer days spent in hospital), and ER presentations (166 fewer visits) (P < 0.0001), respectively. There were substantial subsequent cost savings in the post-rehabilitation year. Conclusion and implications for practice: In the 3-year study, an inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation service in Nova Scotia, Canada, resulted in the successful discharge of most patients with severe and persistent mental illness to more socially inclusive environments. It also reduced their post-rehabilitation mental health service utilization, hence greatly enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of these services.

Augmenting Mental Health Support for Patients Accessing Different Degrees of Formal Psychiatric Care through a Supportive Text Messaging Program: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Patients feel more vulnerable when accessing community mental health programs for the first time or after being discharged from psychiatric inpatient units. Long wait times for follow-up appointments, shortage of mental health professionals, lack of service integration, and scarcity of tailored support can weaken their connection to the health care system. As a result, patients can present low adherence, dissatisfaction with treatment, and recurrent hospitalizations. Finding solutions to avoid unnecessary high-cost services and providing tailored and cost-effective mental health interventions may reduce the health system burden and augment patient support. We propose implementing an add-on, supportive text messaging service (Text4Support), developed using cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) principles to augment mental health support for patients attending to or being discharged from psychiatric care in Nova Scotia, Canada. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effectiveness of Text4Support in improving mental health outcomes and overall mental well-being compared with usual care. We also will examine the intervention's impact on health services utilization and patient satisfaction. The results from this study will provide evidence on stepped and technology-based mental health care, which will contribute to generating new knowledge about mental health innovations in various clinical contexts, which is not only helpful for the local context but to other jurisdictions in Canada and abroad that are seeking to improve their health care.

Psychiatric sequelae of thromboangiitis obliterans: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral manifestations secondary to progressive vascular occlusions are characteristic of the rare condition termed thromboangiitis obliternas (TAO) or Buerger's disease. The central manifestations of this disease are however poorly characterized, particularly those of psychiatric nature, and their prevalence is largely unknown. Speculations have been made around the polymorphic nature and triggers of observed psychopathology in TAO; much however remains to be unraveled in this area. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 33-year-old Caucasian male who developed first episode of psychosis at the age of 29 years. There was no history of previous mental illness either in the patient, or in any of his family members. He had been a long- term heavy smoker and was experiencing progressive lower limb claudication since the age of 22 years; however, all inflammatory, autoimmune and atherosclerotic markers were negative. His psychosis was characterized by retention of a warm affect, and despite some amelioration, was generally resistant to a fair trial of several anti-psychotic medications including Clozapine. CONCLUSION: The pathophysiology of psychosis secondary to Buerger's is not yet well characterized which adds to the complexity of managing these cases. Recognizing that cerebral manifestations of this disease may evolve several years after the onset of peripheral thromboangiitic features is important for following the natural history and considering measures that may reduce the burden of illness.

Late Onset First Episode Psychosis Emerging as Delusional Misidentification of Familiar Sacred Places During a Holy Pilgrimage: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: The delusional misidentification syndromes (DMS) include a myriad of discrete but related syndromes, which have wide spectrum anomalies of familiarity. Several misidentification syndromes have been described in the psychiatric literature, the most common of these delusions are: the Capgras syndrome; the Fregoli syndrome; the syndrome of inter-metamorphosis; reduplicative paramnesia; and environmental reduplication. CASE PRESENTATION: The reported case highlights the emergence of late onset first episode psychosis in a Middle Eastern 65-year-old female who has no previous psychiatric history. The nature of psychosis was mainly delusions of misidentification and persecution. DISCUSSION: DMS are relatively rare and occur predominantly in association with schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Between 25 and 40% are associated with organic conditions such as dementia, head injuries, brain tumors, and epilepsy. Only three cases of misidentification of sacred places have been reported previously in the literature. This case report is the first to present a DMS, emerging as a late onset first episode psychosis during the sacred journey of Hajj. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The reported case highlights the importance of early recognition and treatment of mental health conditions that may appear de novo during the Hajj sacred journey. Readily available psychiatric resources, psychotropic medications, and psycho-education may be pivotal in ensuring mental well-being of pilgrims, which is fundamental to maintain the mental capacity required for completing these journeys.

Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder and recurrent strokes secondary to high blood homocysteine.

INTRODUCTION: The interface between psychiatric disorders and organicity has been a matter for contentious debate. AIM: To report an interesting clinical case of moderate homocystinuria presenting with significant psychiatric and neurological deficits. METHOD: A case report highlighting the impact of homocystinuria on producing intractable rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. DISCUSSION: Homocystinuria is a frequently missed cause for treatment-resistant bipolar affective disorder.

Effectiveness of the Community Treatment Order in streamlining psychiatric services.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of the Community Treatment Order (CTO) has created controversy surrounding its beneficence. AIMS: The study aims at examining the effectiveness of the CTO in reducing the rate and duration of revolving door admissions for patients who were made subject to this Order. METHOD: All patients who were made subject to CTO between November 2008 and August 2009 in South Essex were involved in the study where patients acted as their own control through comparing their pre-CTO, during CTO and post-CTO's admission rate and duration. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the rate and duration of admissions in the period during and post-CTO state. CONCLUSIONS: The CTO proved to be effective in reducing revolving door admissions and it has a beneficial carryover effect in the post-CTO state.

Leptin and insulin growth factor 1: diagnostic markers of the refeeding syndrome and mortality.

Refeeding syndrome is difficult to diagnose since the guidelines for identifying those at risk are largely based on subjective clinical parameters and there are no predictive biochemical markers. We examined the suitability of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and leptin as markers to identify patients at risk of the refeeding syndrome before initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN). A total of thirty-five consecutive patients referred for commencement of PN were included. Serum leptin and IGF1 were measured before starting PN. Electrolytes, liver and renal function tests were conducted before and daily for 1 week after initiating PN. The primary outcome was a decrease in phosphate 12-36 h after initiating PN. 'Refeeding index' (RI) was defined as leptin × IGF1 divided by 2800 to produce a ratio of 1·0 in patients who are well nourished. RI had better sensitivity (78 %; 95 % CI 40, 97 %) and specificity (78 %; 95 % CI 40, 97 %) with a likelihood ratio of 3·4, at a cut-off value of 0·19 for predicting a ≥ 30 % decrease in phosphate concentration within 12-36 h after starting PN, compared with IGF1 or leptin alone. However, IGF1 was a better predictor of mortality than either leptin or the RI. The present study is the first to derive and test the 'RI', and find that it is a sensitive and specific predictor of the refeeding syndrome in hospitalised patients before starting PN.