Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-2-(4-bromo-phen-yl)-1-[2,2-di-bromo-1-(4-nitro-phen-yl)ethen-yl]diazene.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C14H8Br3N3O2, consists of three almost planar groups: the central di-bromo-ethenyldiazene fragment and two attached aromatic rings. The mean planes of these rings form dihedral angles with the plane of the central fragment of 26.35 (15) and 72.57 (14)° for bromine- and nitro-substituted rings, respectively. In the crystal, C-H⋯Br inter-actions connect mol-ecules, generating zigzag C(8) chains along the [100] direction. These chains are linked by C-Br⋯π inter-actions into layers parallel to (001). van der Waals inter-actions between the layers aid in the cohesion of the crystal packing. The most substantial contributions to crystal packing, according to a Hirshfeld surface analysis, are from Br⋯H/H⋯Br (20.9%), C⋯H/H⋯C (15.2%), O⋯H/H⋯O (12.6%) and H⋯H (11.7%) contacts.

Age, an Important Sociodemographic Determinant of Factors Influencing Consumers' Food Choices and Purchasing Habits: An English University Setting.

The purchasing behaviors of university staff (n = 188) and their use of nutrition labels in making food choices were investigated by an online survey. The age of the participants significantly impacted their purchasing behaviors. This effect was not observed with other sociodemographic characteristics studied (level of education, gender, employment status and ethnicity). The impact of age on the extrinsic factors affecting food choice (personal preference, previous knowledge, convenience, religion/beliefs) and intrinsic factors (quantity, country of origin, method of preparation/serving, fat, salt, protein and added sugar contents) were further explored. The use of nutrition labels among different age groups when buying for the first time was significant for breakfast cereals and fruit juices.

A novel model using computed tomography parameters to predict shock wave lithotripsy success in ureteral stones at different locations.

OBJECTIVE: To combine non-contrast computerized tomography (NCCT)-based parameters with stone and patient characteristics that are already known to affect shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) success and assess this novel model's effectiveness in predicting SWL success for single ureteral stones in different locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of patients treated by SWL for a single ureteral stone between January 2017 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic parameters of patients and stone characteristics were combined with NCCT-based parameters. NCCT-based parameters included the presence or absence of hydronephrosis, perinephric stranding, periureteral edema, diameter of the proximal ureter, ureteral wall thickness (UWT) at ureteral stone site. The logistic regression method was used for the development of a useful predictive model. Subsequently, the receiver operating curve was used to determine cut-off levels, and a scoring system was developed for prediction of SWL success. RESULTS: Stone-free rate was 77,1% (267/346) in the entire cohort. Univariate analysis revealed that age, stone volume, density, perinephric stranding, diameter of proximal ureter, and UWT, were associated with SWL success. In multivariate analysis, proximal ureteral stone location, stone volume, density, and UWT were independent predictors of SWL success. The formula used during logistic regression analysis was: 1/[1 + exp {-8.856 + 0.008 (stone volume) + 0.002 (stone density) + 0.673 (UWT) + 1026 (proximal ureteral stone)}]. The scores of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 were associated with 97,8%, 83,4%, 60,8%, 33,2% and 11,1% success rates, respectively, in the prediction model based on these parameters. CONCLUSION: We conclude that our model can facilitate decision-making for SWL treatment of ureteral stones in different locations.

Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Eating and Purchasing Behaviours of People Living in England.

Consumers' eating habits have changed significantly due to the anxiety and boredom from the reported cases and deaths of COVID-19, the change in work patterns, controlled food shopping, and the inability to meet loved ones during the lockdown. The magnitude of these changes in the eating behaviours and purchasing habits of consumers varies across different groups of people. This study provides empirical evidence of the effects of COVID-19 on the eating and purchasing behaviours of people living in England, which was assessed based on sociodemographic variables. A total of 911 participants were recruited by a market research company, while only 792 useable responses were included in this study. The participants, aged between 18 and 91 years, completed an online questionnaire, and the data were analysed using ordinal regression. Data were collected between October and December 2020. Male participants constituted 34.60%, females 63.89%, and others (other gender and those who prefer not to declare their gender) were 0.63%. The majority of participants' ages fell into the ranges of 23-38 and 39-54. Participants aged 23 to 38 years had the greatest effect of COVID-19 on their purchasing decision of healthier foods, while participants in the age groups 55-73 and 74-91 were least affected. The amount of foods purchased during the pandemic decreased with increasing age. The amount of foods purchased by students, people in employment, and people from minority ethnic groups were greatly affected by the pandemic. All participants who stated that taking food supplements is not important during the pandemic were from the White ethnic group. The effects of the pandemic on purchasing healthier foods were greater in younger generations and participants in full- or part-time employment than participants who were retired and who were aged above 55. The participants with higher educational qualifications and those from minority ethnic groups were also more affected by the pandemic. We suggest further studies to monitor any changes in the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the eating and purchasing behaviours of consumers.

Hepatitis A virus knowledge and immunization attitudes and practices in the United Arab Emirates community.

Annually, 1.5 million cases of hepatitis A infection occur worldwide. The United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) has seen a decrease in infection rates and seroprevalence coupled with an increase in the average age of infection. This study aimed to assess the U.A.E. society's hepatitis A knowledge, and attitudes and vaccination practices, with the applicability of its introduction into the local immunization schedule. A self-administered, 50-item questionnaire was used to collect data from the four most populous cities in the U.A.E., between January and March 2020. A total of 458 responses were collected and analysed using IBM-SPSS-26, R-4.0.0 and Matplotlib-v3.2.1. Females had better attitudes (P = 0.036), practices (P < 0.0005), immunization schedule knowledge (AOR = 3.019; CI 1.482-6.678), and appreciation of the immunization schedule (AOR = 2.141; CI 1.310-3.499). A higher level of perceived knowledge was associated with an actual better knowledge (P < 0.0005), better practices (P = 0.011), and increased willingness to get vaccinated (AOR = 1.988; CI 1.032-3.828). Respondents were more likely to vaccinate their children against HAV if the vaccine were introduced into the National Immunization Program (P < 0.0005). Overall, disease knowledge was lacking but with positive attitudes and poor practices. There is high trust in the National Immunization Program and a potential for improving poor practices through local awareness campaigns.

Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of the two isotypic compounds (E)-1-(4-bromo-phen-yl)-2-[2,2-di-chloro-1-(4-nitro-phen-yl)ethen-yl]diazene and (E)-1-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[2,2-di-chloro-1-(4-nitro-phen-yl)ethen-yl]diazene.

In the two isotypic title compounds, C14H8BrCl2N3O2, (I), and C14H8Cl3N3O2, (II), the substitution of one of the phenyl rings is different [Br for (I) and Cl for (II)]. Aromatic rings form dihedral angles of 60.9 (2) and 64.1 (2)°, respectively. Mol-ecules are linked through weak X⋯Cl contacts [X = Br for (I) and Cl for (II)], C-H⋯Cl and C-Cl⋯π inter-actions into sheets parallel to the ab plane. Additional van der Waals inter-actions consolidate the three-dimensional packing. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structures indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing for (I) are from C⋯H/H⋯C (16.1%), O⋯H/H⋯O (13.1%), Cl⋯H/H⋯Cl (12.7%), H⋯H (11.4%), Br⋯H/H⋯Br (8.9%), N⋯H/H⋯N (6.9%) and Cl⋯C/C⋯Cl (6.6%) inter-actions, and for (II), from Cl⋯H / H⋯Cl (21.9%), C⋯H/H⋯C (15.3%), O⋯H/H⋯O (13.4%), H⋯H (11.5%), Cl⋯C/C⋯Cl (8.3%), N⋯H/H⋯N (7.0%) and Cl⋯Cl (5.9%) inter-actions. The crystal of (I) studied was refined as an inversion twin, the ratio of components being 0.9917 (12):0.0083 (12).

Assessing the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on dietary fibre-related knowledge in a Turkish student population.

This study aimed to validate a questionnaire on dietary fibre (DF)-related knowledge in a Turkish student population. Participants (n=360) were either undergraduate students who have taken a nutrition course for 14 weeks (n=174) or those in another group who have not taken such a nutrition course (n=186). Test-retest reliability, internal reliability, and construct validity of the questionnaire were determined. Overall internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.90) and test-retest reliability (0.90) were high. Significant differences (p<0.001) between the scores of the two groups of students indicated that the questionnaire had satisfactory construct validity. It was found that one-fifth of the students were unsure of the correct answer for any item, and 52.5% of them were not aware that DF had to be consumed on a daily basis. Only 36.4 to 44.2% of the students were able to correctly identify the food sources of DF.

Effect of systemic and intracortical administration of phenytoin in two genetic models of absence epilepsy.

1. Spontaneous 7-10 Hz spike-wave discharges (SWDs) are the electroencephalographic hallmark of absence seizures, as can be observed in WAG/Rij as well as in GAERS, two commonly used well-validated genetic rat models of absence epilepsy. A local upregulation of sodium channels within the perioral region of the primary somatosensory cortex indicated an initiation site for SWDs in WAG/Rij rats, in line with a new theory that assumes that SWDs have a cortical focal origin in the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex. We tested whether bilateral microinfusion at this focal site of the sodium channel blocker phenytoin, which is known to aggravate SWDs after systemic administration, reduces SWDs in both models. 2. WAG/Rij rats and GAERS, chronically provided with cortical EEG electrodes and bilateral cortical cannula's, were used. The EEGs were recorded before and after or systemic or bilateral infusion of phenytoin. 3. Microinfusion of phenytoin at the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex produced an immediate cessation of seizure activity in WAG/Rij rats, while systemic injection produced an increase in both genetic models. Microinfusion of the same and higher concentrations of phenytoin in GAERS at the same stereotactic coordinates showed no effect. Phenytoin was effective in GAERS 2 mm more posteriorly.4. The data suggest that both genetic models have a cortical area at which diametrically opposite effects of phenytoin can be found compared to systemic injections: a decrease after local microinfusion and aggravation after systemic administration, although the exact cortical location may be different. Moreover, a deficit in sodium channels might be an ethiological factor underlying an increased probability for the initiation of SWDs in the somatosensory cortex.