Terpenoids as Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Anti-inflammatory Isoprenoids.

Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the body's inflammatory response. It has been linked to several diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. As potential treatments for these diseases, HNE inhibitors are of great interest. Metabolites derived from plants, particularly terpenoids such as ß-caryophyllene found in black pepper and other plants, and geraniol present in several essential oils, are recognized as significant sources of inhibitors for HNE. Because of their ability to inhibit HNE, terpenoids are considered promising candidates for developing novel therapies to treat inflammatory conditions such as COPD and emphysema. Furthermore, nature can serve as an excellent designer, and it may offer a safer drug candidate for inhibiting HNE production and activity in the future. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were searched to get relevant and up-to-date literature on terpenoids as human neutrophil elastase inhibitors. This review focuses on the isolation, chemical diversity, and inhibition of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) of various terpenoids reported from natural sources up to 2022. A total of 251 compounds from various terpenoids classes have been reported. Further, it also provides a summary of HNE inhibitors and includes a thorough discussion on the structure-activity relationship.

Production of peptide antibiotics by Bacillus sp: GU 057 indigenously isolated from saline soil

A total of 112 soil samples were taken from differents areas of district D.I.Khan and Kohat (KPK) Pakistan and screened for production of antibiotics against the Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Widest zone of inhibition (18mm) was produced by microorganism isolated from saline soil. The strain was later identified as Bacillus GU057 by standard biochemical assays. Maximum activity (18mm inhibition zone) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 4% concentration of glucose. The antibiotic was identified by autobiography as bacitracin. The Bacillus strain GU057 was confirmed as good peptide antibiotic producer and can effectively be indulged as biocontrol agent.

Production of peptide antibiotics by Bacillus sp. GU 057 indigenously isolated from saline soil.

A total of 112 soil samples were taken from differents areas of district D.I.Khan and Kohat (KPK) Pakistan and screened for production of antibiotics against the Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Widest zone of inhibition (18mm) was produced by microorganism isolated from saline soil. The strain was later identified as Bacillus GU057 by standard biochemical assays. Maximum activity (18mm inhibition zone) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 4% concentration of glucose. The antibiotic was identified by autobiography as bacitracin. The Bacillus strain GU057 was confirmed as good peptide antibiotic producer and can effectively be indulged as biocontrol agent.

Review of prescriber approach towards rational drug practice in hospitalised patients.

BACKGROUND: The rational drug prescribing practice is an important health concern around the globe that not only interferes patient's life but also the socioeconomic issues. OBJECTIVE: The aim of current study was to evaluate the rational use of drug, prescribing behaviour of consultant physicians, role of medical team members in irrational therapy and form the basis for providing necessary information to the policy makers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted involving a set of 340 medication orders containing about 1,755 medications prescribed to patients in DHQ Teaching Hospital DI Khan, Pakistan from March to July 2009. The WHO operational package for monitoring and assessing country pharmaceutical situations indicators were used for data collection. RESULTS: Among drugs prescribed per average encounter, 75% were dispensed from hospital pharmacy. Generally about 22.3% encounters of overdosing, 16.16% drug duplication, 24.25% drug-drug interactions, 3.5% adverse drug effects and 3.8% cases of contraindications were recorded. The proportion of consultations with antibiotics and injectables prescribed was 80% and 57% respectively. Likewise not less than 70% patients were prescribed NSAIDS, 67% steroids, 55% vitamin supplements, and 34% oral re-hydration solutions. Minimum 5 drugs per prescription were recorded and 70% of prescriptions were reported with high cost of therapy. CONCLUSION: The drug practice among hospitalised patients was clearly irrational accompanied by high levels of medication error. An accurate prescribing decision, appropriate treatment, and rational use of drugs are major needs of the day to ensure safe medication practice.