G-protein signaling of oxytocin receptor as a potential target for cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer.

Although the treatment armamentarium for patients with metastatic prostate cancer has improved recently, treatment options after progression on cabazitaxel (CBZ) are limited. To identify the mechanisms underlying CBZ resistance and therapeutic targets, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with CBZ-resistant prostate cancer. Cells were clustered based on gene expression profiles. In silico screening was used to nominate candidate drugs for overcoming CBZ resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. CTCs were divided into three to four clusters, reflecting intrapatient tumor heterogeneity in refractory prostate cancer. Pathway analysis revealed that clusters in two cases showed up-regulation of the oxytocin (OXT) receptor-signaling pathway. Spatial gene expression analysis of CBZ-resistant prostate cancer tissues confirmed the heterogeneous expression of OXT-signaling molecules. Cloperastine (CLO) had significant antitumor activity against CBZ-resistant prostate cancer cells. Mass spectrometric phosphoproteome analysis revealed the suppression of OXT signaling specific to CBZ-resistant models. These results support the potential of CLO as a candidate drug for overcoming CBZ-resistant prostate cancer via the inhibition of OXT signaling.

IDH2 stabilizes HIF-1α-induced metabolic reprogramming and promotes chemoresistance in urothelial cancer.

Drug resistance contributes to poor therapeutic response in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Metabolomic analysis suggested metabolic reprogramming in gemcitabine-resistant urothelial carcinoma cells, whereby increased aerobic glycolysis and metabolic stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) promoted pyrimidine biosynthesis to increase the production of the gemcitabine competitor deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) that diminishes its therapeutic effect. Furthermore, we observed that gain-of-function of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) induced reductive glutamine metabolism to stabilize Hif-1α expression and consequently stimulate aerobic glycolysis and PPP bypass in gemcitabine-resistant UC cells. Interestingly, IDH2-mediated metabolic reprogramming also caused cross resistance to CDDP, by elevating the antioxidant defense via increased NADPH and glutathione production. Downregulation or pharmacological suppression of IDH2 restored chemosensitivity. Since the expression of key metabolic enzymes, such as TIGAR, TKT, and CTPS1, were affected by IDH2-mediated metabolic reprogramming and related to poor prognosis in patients, IDH2 might become a new therapeutic target for restoring chemosensitivity in chemo-resistant urothelial carcinoma.

Prognostic role of the innate immune signature CD163 and "eat me" signal calreticulin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The effects of the innate immune status on patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) currently remain unknown. We herein provided more extensive information about the inner landscape of immunobiology of ccRCC. In total, 260 ccRCC samples from three different cohorts consisting of 213 primary tumors and 47 metastases were obtained. We focused on five representative innate immune signatures, CD68, CD163, the "eat me" signal calreticulin, the "don't eat me" signal CD47, and signal regulatory protein α, and examined the role of each signature by quantitative immunohistochemistry. We then conducted an integrated genome mutation analysis by next-generation sequencing. Among the five markers, high CD163 and low calreticulin expression levels were prognostic in ccRCC. The application of a new risk model based on CD163 and calreticulin levels, named the innate immune risk group (high risk: high-CD163/low calreticulin, intermediate risk: high-CD163/high calreticulin or low CD163/low calreticulin, low risk: low-CD163/high calreticulin), enabled the sequential stratification of patient prognosis and malignancy. Although organ-specific differences were observed, metastases appeared to have a higher innate immune risk, particularly in the lungs, with 50% of ccRCC metastases being classified into the high-risk group according to our risk score. An analysis of genomic alterations based on the innate immune risk group revealed that alterations in the TP53/Cell cycle pathway were highly prevalent in high-risk ccRCC patients according to two innate immune signatures CD163 and calreticulin. The present results provide insights into the immune-genomic biology of ccRCC tumors for innate immunity and will contribute to future therapies focused on the innate immune system in solid cancers.

Characterizing cyclin-dependent kinase 12(CDK12)-altered aggressive prostate cancer: a twelve-case series.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer harboring cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) abnormalities is a hot topic due to its distinctive clinical features, such as sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In the last few years, precision medicine using comprehensive genome sequencing has become familiar, and the era of precision oncology has arrived in the field of prostate cancer. This study aimed to present the demographic characteristics of patients with CDK12 alterations. METHODS: In 12 patients with detected CDK12 alterations in our hospital between 2015 and 2021, we evaluated their genomic features and clinical course. CDK12 allelic status was classified into three groups: monoallelic loss, potentially biallelic loss, and biallelic loss based on the genome analyses. RESULTS: Seven patients already had metastatic cancer at the time of diagnosis, and all 12 patients had Gleason grade ≥ 4. Most cases of biallelic loss or potentially biallelic loss were metastatic cancers at the initial staging, and all these cases were categorized into Gleason grade 5. Two of the 12 patients had BRCA2/RB1 co-loss, and the other two had whole genome duplication. Five patients had a long-term survival of > 6 years, but two patients died within 4 years of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This is the first Japanese prostate cancer case series with CDK12 alterations. CDK12-altered prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and accumulating cases with detailed information leads to precision oncology.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer patient presenting with whole genome doubling with CDK-12 mutation.

BACKGROUND: The use of whole-genome sequencing in clinical practice has revealed variable genomic characteristics across cancer types, one of which is whole-genome doubling (WGD), which describes the duplication of a complete set of chromosomes. Yet it is relatively rare in prostate cancer and no such case has ever been reported in Japanese patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old patient with prostatic adenocarcinoma with bone and lymph node metastases was started on androgen-deprivation therapy. As the prostate cancer turned castration-resistant, multimodal therapies including taxane- and platinum-based chemotherapy, androgen-receptor antagonist inhibitors, radiotherapy and radium-233 were introduced. Good controls of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and bone metastases were achieved for more than 13 years since after the initial treatment. During the treatment, a metastatic lymph node biopsy was performed to confirm the tumor histology, and spinal decompression surgery were performed for spinal compression due to lumber vertebral metastases. The immunohistochemical analysis identified PSA and androgen receptor positive tumor cells in both metastatic lesions, while no variable cancer cells were detected in the prostate on second biopsy. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the biopsied metastatic lymph node in search for another possible treatment and it revealed that the tumor had WGD and CDK12 mutation. The WGD-positive tumor cells contained large and polymorphic nucleus, presumably reflecting on the ploidy abnormality of the chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first case of a Japanese patient presenting with WGD, who survived more than 13 years with multimodal chemotherapies and radiotherapies.

Isolated recurrence of prostate cancer to the anterior urethra 5 years after radiation therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Primary or metastatic urethral tumors are extremely rare. However, treatment strategies differ between primary and metastatic tumors. Therefore, establishing an accurate diagnosis is critically needed for initiating timely and appropriate therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 79-year-old man with prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy. He presented with macroscopic hematuria as a symptom of anterior urethral tumor at follow-up. Endoscopic tumor resection was performed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed adenocarcinoma component. Immunohistochemical staining revealed presence of metastatic prostate cancer to the urethra. CONCLUSION: Regarding urethral tumors diagnosis, urologists should consider the possibility of metastasis from prostate cancer and perform immunohistochemical examination for establishing accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, if androgen deprivation therapy fails to suppress symptoms, radiotherapy or urethrectomy might be considered.

Does neoadjuvant chemotherapy have therapeutic benefit for node-positive upper tract urothelial carcinoma? Results of a multi-center cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The indications of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for lymph node-positive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have not been investigated regarding improved survival outcomes. Our specific aim was to compare the clinical outcomes of clinically node-positive UTUC patients who were treated by NAC followed by radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or upfront RNU followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 966 UTUC patients, we identified 89 with clinical nodal involvement who received either NAC before RNU nor AC after upfront RNU. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy modality on the oncological outcomes. RESULTS: Of the patient cohort, 36 (40.4%) received NAC followed by RNU, whereas 53 (59.6%) underwent RNU followed by AC. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size ≥3 cm, clinical T4, and gemcitabine and cisplatin regimen were independent risk factors for disease recurrence, whereas NAC followed by RNU was an independent factor for favorable RFS. Furthermore, regarding cancer-specific survival (CSS), NAC followed by RNU remained an independent factor for favorable CSS. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 1-year and 2-year RFS were 67.9% and 47.0%, respectively, in the NAC+RNU group, which were significantly higher than those in the RNU+AC group (43.9% and 24.6%, respectively, P = 0.006). Moreover, the 1-year and 2-year CSS were 80.5% and 64.2%, respectively, in the NAC+RNU group, which were higher than those in the RNU+AC group (68.6% and 48.2%, respectively, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: For node-positive UTUC patients, NAC followed by RNU was more clinically beneficial than RNU followed by AC.

Urinary pH is an independent predictor of upper tract recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with a smoking history.

Limited information is currently available on predictors of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients according to smoking history, although smoking probably contributes to urothelial carcinogenesis. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify independent predictors of UTUC recurrence in all patients and those with a smoking history. Our study population comprised 1190 NMIBC patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor. UTUC developed in 43 patients during the follow-up. A history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy was independently associated with a lower incidence of UTUC (HR = 0.43; P = 0.011). In a subgroup of NMIBC patients with a smoking history, concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) and a lower urinary pH (< 6) were independently associated with a higher incidence of UTUC recurrence (HR = 3.34, P = 0.006 and HR = 3.73, P = 0.008, respectively). Among patients with a longer smoking duration (≥ 20 years) or larger smoking intensity (≥ 20 cigarettes per day), those with lower urinary pH (< 6) had a significantly higher UTUC recurrence rate than their counterparts. These results suggest that BCG instillation may prevent UTUC recurrence in NMIBC patients, while a lower urinary pH and concomitant CIS increase the risk of UTUC recurrence in those with a smoking history.

Effects of transurethral resection under general anesthesia on tumor recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The effects of the type of anesthesia (spinal (SA) vs. general (GA)) used for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence and progression are controversial and our aim is to investigate their associations. METHODS: We identified 300 NMIBC patients who underwent initial TURBT with SA or GA. Cox's regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of anesthesia on tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Among 300 patients, 153 (51.0%) received GA and 147 (49.0%) SA. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate was 59.9% in the GA group, which was significantly lower than that in the SA group (74.4%, p = 0.029). GA (HR 1.57, p = 0.048), male sex (HR 2.72, p = 0.012), and tumor multiplicity (HR 1.96, p = 0.006) were independently associated with tumor recurrence. In a subgroup of 137 patients with high-risk NMIBC, the 5-year RFS rate was 50.3% in the GA group, which was significantly lower than that in the SA group (77.6%, p = 0.020), and GA remained an independent indicator of tumor recurrence (HR 2.35, p = 0.016). However, no significant differences were observed in the RFS rates of low- to intermediate-risk NMIBC patients between the GA and SA groups. CONCLUSIONS: The RFS rate was lower in NMIBC patients who received GA during TURBT than in those who received SA. Volatile anesthesia may increase tumor recurrence, particularly in high-risk NMIBC patients, which may be due to the inhibition of the immune response system during surgery.

On-treatment C-reactive protein control could predict response to subsequent anti-PD-1 treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of the on-treatment C-reactive protein (CRP) status during systemic treatment as the predictive marker for the response of subsequent nivolumab monotherapy in patients with refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 73 mRCC patients treated with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the serum CRP levels before and after molecular-targeted treatments. Patients whose CRP did not exceed baseline value were defined as the CRP-control group and the others were defined as the CRP-progression group. The clinical impact of CRP-control on the efficacy of nivolumab was assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (33%) were categorized into the CRP-control group. The CRP-control group patients (median PFS not reached) had significantly longer PFS than the CRP-progression group (median PFS 11.9 months, 95% confidence interval, CI 4.1-19.8, p = 0.038). The CRP-control group had a tendency of longer OS from nivolumab initiation than the CRP-progression group (p = 0.071). By multivariate analysis, the on-treatment CRP-control was the independent predictive factor for PFS (hazard ratio HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.99, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: The on-treatment CRP-control could be the predictive factor for the efficacy of nivolumab in refractory mRCC patients.

The clinicopathological characteristics of muscle-invasive bladder recurrence in upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who developed muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). We identified 966 pTa-4N0-2M0 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU and clarified the risk factors for MIBC progression after initial intravesical recurrence (IVR). We also identified 318 patients with primary pT2-4N0-2M0 MIBC to compare the oncological outcomes with those of patients with UTUC who developed or progressed to MIBC. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination of p53 and FGFR3 expression in tumor specimens was performed to compare UTUC of MIBC origin with primary MIBC. In total, 392 (40.6%) patients developed IVR after RNU and 46 (4.8%) developed MIBC at initial IVR or thereafter. As a result, pT1 stage on the initial IVR specimen, concomitant carcinoma in situ on the initial IVR specimen, and no intravesical adjuvant therapy after IVR were independent factors for MIBC progression. After propensity score matching adjustment, primary UTUC was a favorable indicator for cancer-specific death compared with primary MIBC. Subgroup molecular analysis revealed high FGFR3 expression in non-MIBC and MIBC specimens from primary UTUC, whereas low FGFR3 but high p53 expression was observed in specimens from primary MIBC tissue. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that patients with UTUC who develop MIBC recurrence after RNU exhibited the clinical characteristics of subsequent IVR more than those of primary UTUC. Of note, MIBC subsequent to UTUC may have favorable outcomes, probably due to the different molecular biological background compared with primary MIBC.

A Novel Risk-based Approach Simulating Oncological Surveillance After Radical Nephroureterectomy in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The current guideline lacks evidence for creating individualized surveillance strategies for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). OBJECTIVE: To create a novel risk model and to simulate individualized surveillance duration that dynamically illustrates the changing risk relationship of UTUC-related death and non-UTUC death, considering the impact of cigarette smoking. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multicenter cohort study comprised 714 pTa-T4N0M0 UTUC patients, with a median follow-up duration of 65mo. There were 279 (39.1%) nonsmokers, 260 (36.4%) current smokers, and 175 (24.5%) ex-smokers. INTERVENTION: All patients underwent RNU. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The risks of UTUC death and non-UTUC death over time were estimated using parametric models for time to failure with Weibull distributions. Age-specific, stage-specific, and smoking status-specific surveillance durations were simulated based upon Weibull estimates. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The hazard rate (HR) of non-UTUC death gradually increased over time in all age groups regardless of the smoking status, whereas that of UTUC-related death decreased markedly according to the pathological T (pT) stage and was affected by the smoking status. Among current smokers, the baseline HR of UTUC-related death in pT3/4 was higher than that of pT ≤2 and remained high even 10yr after RNU. Among heavy smokers, the HR of UTUC-related death in all pT stages was highest at baseline and remained high after RNU, compared with nonsmokers, current smokers, or ex-smokers. We simulated specific time points when the risk of non-UTUC death was greater than that of UTUC-related death. Among patients ≥80yr of with pT3N0M0, the risk of non-UTUC death was greater than that of UTUC-related death 1yr after RNU in nonsmokers, but 7yr for heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our result revealed that smokers bear a long-term risk burden of UTUC-related death more than the risk of non-UTUC death. For UTUC smokers, longer-term surveillance duration is recommended even in elderly stage. PATIENT SUMMARY: In the present study, we evaluated the risk transition of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)-related death and non-cancer-related death over time. We found that smoking weighed a huge impact upon UTUC-related death compared with death from other cause, and therefore, we created a more individualized surveillance duration model.

Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes of Laparoscopic Versus Open Radical Nephroureterectomy for Patients with T3N0M0 Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study with Adjustment by Propensity Score Matching.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LRNU) and open radical nephroureterectomy (ORNU) for patients with clinical and pathologic T3N0M0 upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: Among 375 UTUC patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy, this study identified 144 pT3N0M0 patients as cohort 1 after propensity score (PS) matching. Among 399 UTUC patients, the study identified 110 cT3N0M0 patients as cohort 2 after PS matching. Oncologic outcomes such as intravesical recurrence-free survival (IVRFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were assessed by multivariate Cox's regression analysis. RESULTS: Cohort 1 of pT3N0M0 UTUC had 3-year CSS and IVRFS rates of 67.9 and 52.7%, respectively, in the LRNU group, which were significantly lower than in the ORNU group (81.4%, p = 0.039 and 71.6%, p = 0.046). The multivariate Cox's regression analysis identified the type of surgical approach (LRNU vs. ORNU) as one of the independent prognostic factors for CSS (hazard rate [HR], 1.88, p = 0.043) and IVRFS (HR, 1.75, p = 0.049). Cohort 2 of cT3N0M0 UTUC had 3-year CSS and IVRFS rates of 48.5 and 41.4%, respectively, in the LRNU group, which were significantly lower than in the ORNU group (65.8%, p = 0.049 and 67.2%, p = 0.047), and the type of surgical approach (LRNU vs. ORNU) remained as one of the independent prognostic factors for CSS and IVRFS. CONCLUSIONS: Based on clinical and pathologic T3N0M0 UTUC populations after PS adjustments, LRNU resulted in poorer CSS and IVRFS than ORNU.