Efficiency of personal dosimetry methods in vascular interventional radiology.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to determine the efficiency of six methods for calculate the effective dose (E) that is received by health professionals during vascular interventional procedures. METHODS: We evaluated the efficiency of six methods that are currently used to estimate professionals' E, based on national and international recommendations for interventional radiology. Equivalent doses on the head, neck, chest, abdomen, feet, and hands of seven professionals were monitored during 50 vascular interventional radiology procedures. Professionals' E was calculated for each procedure according to six methods that are commonly employed internationally. To determine the best method, a more efficient E calculation method was used to determine the reference value (reference E) for comparison. RESULTS: The highest equivalent dose were found for the hands (0.34±0.93mSv). The two methods that are described by Brazilian regulations overestimated E by approximately 100% and 200%. The more efficient method was the one that is recommended by the United States National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements (NCRP). The mean and median differences of this method relative to reference E were close to 0%, and its standard deviation was the lowest among the six methods. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the most precise method was the one that is recommended by the NCRP, which uses two dosimeters (one over and one under protective aprons). The use of methods that employ at least two dosimeters are more efficient and provide better information regarding estimates of E and doses for shielded and unshielded regions.

Occupational radiation exposure in vascular interventional radiology: A complete evaluation of different body regions.

PURPOSE: To perform a complete evaluation on radiation doses, received by primary and assistant medical staff, while performing different vascular interventional radiology procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated dose received in different body regions during three categories of vascular procedures: lower limb angiography (Angiography), lower limb percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (Angioplasty) and stent graft placement for abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment (A. A. A. Treatment). We positioned the dosimeters near the eye lens, thyroid, chest, abdomen, hands, and feet of the interventional physicians. Equivalent dose was compared with annual dose limits for workers in order to determine the maximum number of procedures per year that each physician could perform. We assessed 90 procedures. RESULTS: We found the highest equivalent doses in the A. A. A. Treatment, in which 90% of the evaluations indicated at least one region receiving more than 1mSv per procedure. Angioplasty was the only procedural modality that provided statistically different doses for different professionals, which is an important aspect on regards to radiological protection strategies. In comparison with the dose limits, the most critical region in all procedures was the eye lens. CONCLUSIONS: Since each body region of the interventionist is exposed to different radiation levels, dose distribution measurements are essential for radiological protection strategies. These results indicate that dosimeters placed in abdomen instead of chest may represent more accurately the whole body doses received by the medical staff. Additional dosimeters and a stationary shield for the eye lens are strongly recommended.

Homogeneous Canine Chest Phantom Construction: A Tool for Image Quality Optimization.

Digital radiographic imaging is increasing in veterinary practice. The use of radiation demands responsibility to maintain high image quality. Low doses are necessary because workers are requested to restrain the animal. Optimizing digital systems is necessary to avoid unnecessary exposure, causing the phenomenon known as dose creep. Homogeneous phantoms are widely used to optimize image quality and dose. We developed an automatic computational methodology to classify and quantify tissues (i.e., lung tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and bone) in canine chest computed tomography exams. The thickness of each tissue was converted to simulator materials (i.e., Lucite, aluminum, and air). Dogs were separated into groups of 20 animals each according to weight. Mean weights were 6.5 ± 2.0 kg, 15.0 ± 5.0 kg, 32.0 ± 5.5 kg, and 50.0 ± 12.0 kg, for the small, medium, large, and giant groups, respectively. The one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all simulator material thicknesses (p < 0.05) quantified between groups. As a result, four phantoms were constructed for dorsoventral and lateral views. In conclusion, the present methodology allows the development of phantoms of the canine chest and possibly other body regions and/or animals. The proposed phantom is a practical tool that may be employed in future work to optimize veterinary X-ray procedures.

Construction of pediatric homogeneous phantoms for optimization of chest and skull radiographs.

OBJECTIVES: To develop two pediatric patient-equivalent phantoms, the Pediatric Chest Equivalent Patient (PCEP) and the Pediatric Skull Equivalent Patient (PSEP) for children aged 1 to 5 years. We also used both phantoms for image quality evaluations in computed radiography systems to determine Gold Standard (GS) techniques for pediatric patients. METHODS: To determine the simulator materials thickness (Lucite and aluminum), we quantified biological tissues (lung, soft, and bone) using an automatic computational algorithm. To objectively establish image quality levels, two physical quantities were used: effective detective quantum efficiency and contrast-to-noise ratio. These quantities were associated to values obtained for standard patients from previous studies. RESULTS: For chest radiographies, the GS technique applied was 81kVp, associated to 2.0mAs and 83.6µGy of entrance skin dose (ESD), while for skull radiographies, the GS technique was 70kVp, associated to 5mAs and 339µGy of ESD. CONCLUSION: This procedure allowed us to choose optimized techniques for pediatric protocols, thus improving quality of diagnosis for pediatric population and reducing diagnostic costs to our institution. These results could also be easily applied to other services with different equipment technologies.