Trophoblast stem cells, trophoblast invasion, and organoids - advancements in gynecology.

The human placenta serves as a vital barrier between the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy. A defect in the early development of the placenta is associated with severe pregnancy disorders. Despite its complex development, various molecular processes control placental development, and the specialization of trophoblast cells is still not fully understood. One primary obstacle is the lack of suitable cell model systems. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures fail to mimic in vivo conditions and do not capture the intricate intercellular interactions vital for studying placental development. However, three-dimensional (3D) organoid models derived from stem cells that replicate natural cell organization and architecture have greatly improved our understanding of trophoblast behavior and its medicinal applications. Organoids with relevant phenotypes provide a valuable platform to model both placental physiology and pathology, including the modeling of placental disorders. They hold great promise for personalized medicine, improved diagnostics, and the evaluation of pharmaceutical drug efficacy and safety. This article provides a concise overview of trophoblast stem cells, trophoblast invasion, and the evolving role of organoids in gynecology.

Effect of K, MG aspartate on some biological parameters of aging rats.

The effect of K and Mg salts of aspartic acid (Cardilan) on the serum concentration of selected proteins and phagocytic activity in aging male Wistar rats was investigated. Cardilan was administered in tap water for 7 days a month for 3 months before the last observed interval (12, 18 and 24 month). In a part of animals, the aging process was accelerated by sublethally gamma-irradiation. The administration of Cardilan slowed down the changes in the concentration of prealbumin, albumin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, C3 complement in non-irradiated rats (DC). This effect was extended to the changes in transferrin level in irradiated rats (IDC). The phagocytic activity in both DC, IDC rats was lower compared with controls drinking water (DW, IDW), but not significantly. The effect of Cardilan administration appears to be the greatest in 24-month-old rats, when the treated animals survived better by 25% in IDC group and by 26% better in DC rats, compared with those of the same age controls. Potassium and magnesium salts of aspartates are suitable compounds for life prolongation in the experimental conditions.

[Repair of chondral defects of the knee using a combination of autologous chondrocytes and osteochondral allograft--an animal model. Part I: in vitro culture of autologous chondrocytes]. / Reparácia chondrálneho defektu kolena kombináciou autológnych chondrocytov a osteochondrálnych alostepov--animálny model. I. Cast: in vitro kultivácia autológnych chondrocytov.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In the study we used in vitro cultivated autologous chondrocytes in combination with osteochondral allografts for the treatment of local defects of articular cartilage on the animal model (rabbit). MATERIAL: Chondrocytes for in vitro cultivation were harvested by biopsy of articular cartilage of rabbit. For the monolayer cultivation we used Nutrient mix F 12 (Gibco BRL) with addition of Lascorbic acid (50 micrograms/ml, Sigma) and insulin-trasferin-selenium (A 6.26 micrograms/ml, Gibco BRL), 20% of fectal serum (Gibco BRL) and antibiotic antimycotic solution (Gibco BRL). Cultivation of chondrocytes took place at 37 degrees in the atmosphere of 5% CO2. Multiplied chondrocytes re-suspended in fibrin glue in combination with two osteochondral allografts were used for the reparation of artificial defect of the rabbit cartilage. METHODS: For the analysis of collagen type II in the cultivation medium we used the principle of salting out by 30% ammonium sulphate and subsequent pepsinization in an acid environment with a repeated salting out by means of 2M of NaCl. Precipitates were dissolved in 5.0 M of acetic acid and used for SDS PAGE and immunoblotting. As a detection system we used ECL (Amersham/Pharmacia Biotech). RESULTS: The final average number of chondrocytes multiplied by monolayer cultivation was 1.10(5). The presence of collagen of type II has proved the preservation of the original phenotype of chondrocytes during cultivation. DISCUSSION: Bioengineering use of cell and tissue cultivation provides new options of the treatment of defect of connective tissue. Transplantation of autologous chondrocytes in combination with osteochondral allografts is on the basis of our results obtained so far a promising therapy. CONCLUSION: The aim of our work was an ex vivo expansion of autologous chondrocytes for the purpose of cell transplantation.