Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy in Costa Rica: A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Influenza increases stillbirth risk, morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. Vaccination protects pregnant women against severe disease and indirectly protects their infants, but coverage among pregnant women remains low worldwide. We aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among postpartum women and prenatal care physicians in Costa Rica. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional KAP surveys to women one to three days after childbirth at Costa Rican Social Security Fund maternity hospitals, and obstetricians and general practitioners who provided prenatal care in 2017. Principal components analysis, multiple imputation, and logistic regression were used to examine associations between influenza vaccination and demographics, prenatal care, and sources of information-separately for postpartum women and physicians. We also held two focus groups of six healthcare workers each to further describe vaccination KAP. RESULTS: We surveyed 642 postpartum women and 146 physicians in maternity hospitals in five Costa Rican provinces of whom 85.5 % (95 % CI: 82.6 %-88.0 %) and 57.9 % (95 % CI: 49.6 %-65.7 %) were vaccinated for influenza, respectively. Factors associated with influenza vaccination for postpartum women included tetanus vaccination (aOR: 3.62, 95 % CI: 1.89-6.92); received vaccination recommendations from clinicians during prenatal check-ups (aOR: 3.39, 95 % CI: 2.06-5.59); had other children in household vaccinated for influenza (aOR: 2.25, 95 % CI: 1.08-4.68); and secondary/university education (aOR: 0.15-0.31) with no formal education as reference. For postpartum women, reasons for vaccination were perceived benefits for mother and infant, whereas not being offered vaccines was most cited for non-vaccination. Most prenatal care physicians recommended influenza vaccines during prenatal check-ups but believed vaccination causes flu-like symptoms. CONCLUSION: Vaccination campaigns and provisions of free vaccines effectively increased knowledge and coverage among women in Costa Rica. To improve access, women should be offered vaccines during prenatal care appointments. Educating healthcare workers about vaccine benefits for themselves and patients is needed to mitigate safety concerns.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices for the use of seasonal influenza vaccination, healthcare workers, Costa Rica.

INTRODUCTION: Annual seasonal influenza vaccination in healthcare workers prevents nosocomial transmission to patients, coworkers, and visitors, and reduces absenteeism. This study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of seasonal influenza vaccine among public healthcare workers attending patients in Costa Rica. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of healthcare personnel attending patients in public hospitals in 2017-2018. Frequency distributions of demographics, vaccination KAP, sources of information, clinical manifestations and reasons for non-vaccination were reported. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between exposures of interest (demographics, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes towards vaccination) and self-reported influenza vaccination. RESULTS: We surveyed 747 healthcare workers in 2017-2018. Of 706 participants who knew their vaccination status, 55.7% were vaccinated for seasonal influenza. Only 20.7% of participants knew the influenza vaccine was an inactivated virus, and 94.6% believed the vaccine causes flu-like symptoms. Factors associated with current influenza vaccination were vaccination in previous year (aOR: 8.13; 95% CI: 5.65-11.71) and believed influenza vaccination may be harmful (aOR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44-0.89). Reasons for non-vaccination included fear of adverse effects and access limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal influenza vaccination among healthcare workers may be attributed to misconceptions about the vaccine and limited engagement strategies focusing on healthcare workers. Appropriate interventions are needed to increase healthcare worker vaccination rates and improve their knowledge and beneficence, which would improve patient safety in hospitals.

Long term effect of infection control practices and associated factors during a major Clostridium difficile outbreak in Costa Rica.

INTRODUCTION: The C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain has been responsible for the nosocomial outbreaks in several countries. The present study describes the infection control strategies utilized to achieve outbreak control as well as the factors associated with a C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain outbreak in Costa Rica. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive analysis of the C. difficile outbreak was completed for the period of January 2007 to December 2010 in one affected hospital. An unmatched case-control study was subsequently performed to evaluate the association of exposure factors with C. difficile infection. RESULTS: The pattern of the outbreak was characterized by a sharp increase in the incidence rate during the initial weeks of the outbreak, which was followed by a reduction in the incidence curve as several infection control measures were implemented. The C. difficile BI/NAP1 infection was associated with the prescription of antibiotics, in particular levofloxacin (OR: 9.3; 95%CI: 2.1-40.2), meropenem (OR: 4.9, 95%CI: 1.0-22.9), cefotaxime (OR: 4.3, 95%CI: 2.4-7.7), as well as a medical history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 1.5-5.8). CONCLUSIONS: The infection control strategies implemented proved to be effective in achieving outbreak control and in maintaining the baseline C. difficile incidence rate following it. The reported C. difficile outbreak was associated with the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics and a medical history of diabetes.

Clostridium difficile outbreak in Costa Rica: control actions and associated factors / Brote de infección por Clostridium difficile en Costa Rica: medidas de control y factores asociados

OBJECTIVE: To describe interventions implemented during a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile in a general hospital in Costa Rica from December 2009 to April 2010 in order to achieve outbreak control and the factors determined to be associated with C. difficile infection. METHODS: Laboratory-confirmed cases of C. difficile were analyzed to describe the outbreak pattern and intervention measures implemented. Cases were selected and recruited in a case-control study. Controls were selected from the same services and time period as the cases. Evaluated exposures included underlying medical conditions and treatments administered before the onset of symptoms. RESULTS: The mean ages in case and control groups were 62.3 and 55.3 years, respectively. Control measures included a hand-hygiene campaign, deep disinfection of hospital surfaces, strict isolation of cases, use of personal protection equipment, and restriction of antibiotic use. The adjusted attributable risks associated with the outbreak were diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-7.7], chronic renal failure (OR 9.0, 95% CI 1.5-53.0), and prescribing ceftazidime (OR 33.3, 95% CI 2.9-385.5) and cefotaxime (OR 20.4, 95% CI 6.9-60.3). CONCLUSIONS: Timely implementation of control measures resulted in reduced infection transmission and successful control of the outbreak. Conditions associated with C. difficile infection were similar to those found in previously described outbreaks of this bacterium.

OBJETIVO: Describir las intervenciones ejecutadas durante un brote intrahospitalario de infección por Clostridium difficile en un hospital general de Costa Rica desde diciembre del 2009 hasta abril del 2010 para lograr el control del brote y de los factores asociados a la infección por C. difficile. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los casos de infección por C. difficile que se habían confirmado mediante pruebas de laboratorio a fin de describir las características del brote y las medidas que se tomaron. Se seleccionaron los casos y se incluyeron en un estudio de casos y testigos; se seleccionaron los testigos en los mismos servicios y el mismo periodo que los casos. Las exposiciones evaluadas incluían las afecciones médicas subyacentes y los tratamientos administrados antes de que comenzaran los síntomas. RESULTADOS: La media de la edad en los grupos de los casos y de los testigos fue de 62,3 años y 55,3 años, respectivamente. Las medidas de control incluyeron una campaña de promoción de la higiene de las manos, la desinfección a fondo de las superficies hospitalarias, el aislamiento estricto de los casos, el uso de equipo de protección personal y la restricción del uso de antibióticos. Los riesgos atribuibles ajustados que se asociaron al brote fueron la diabetes (razón de posibilidades [OR]: 3,4; intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95%: 1,5-7,7), la insuficiencia renal crónica (OR: 9,0; IC de 95%: 1,5-53,0) y el uso de ceftazidima (OR: 33,3; IC de 95%: 2,9-385,5) y cefotaxima (OR: 20,4; IC de 95%: 6,9-60,3). CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación oportuna de medidas de control redujo la transmisión de la infección y permitió controlar satisfactoriamente el brote. Las afecciones y los factores que se asociaron a la infección por C. difficile fueron similares a los que se encontraron en brotes de esta infección descritos anteriormente.

Clostridium difficile outbreak in Costa Rica: control actions and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe interventions implemented during a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile in a general hospital in Costa Rica from December 2009 to April 2010 in order to achieve outbreak control and the factors determined to be associated with C. difficile infection. METHODS: Laboratory-confirmed cases of C. difficile were analyzed to describe the outbreak pattern and intervention measures implemented. Cases were selected and recruited in a case-control study. Controls were selected from the same services and time period as the cases. Evaluated exposures included underlying medical conditions and treatments administered before the onset of symptoms. RESULTS: The mean ages in case and control groups were 62.3 and 55.3 years, respectively. Control measures included a hand-hygiene campaign, deep disinfection of hospital surfaces, strict isolation of cases, use of personal protection equipment, and restriction of antibiotic use. The adjusted attributable risks associated with the outbreak were diabetes [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-7.7], chronic renal failure (OR 9.0, 95% CI 1.5-53.0), and prescribing ceftazidime (OR 33.3, 95% CI 2.9-385.5) and cefotaxime (OR 20.4, 95% CI 6.9-60.3). CONCLUSIONS: Timely implementation of control measures resulted in reduced infection transmission and successful control of the outbreak. Conditions associated with C. difficile infection were similar to those found in previously described outbreaks of this bacterium.

Estudio de la estacionalidad del dengue en la costa pacífica de Costa Rica (1999-2004) / Study of the dengue`s seasonality in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (1999-2004)

El virus del dengue constituye la causa más común de enfermedades por arbovirus en el mundo. el estudio analiza el comportamiento estacional del dengue en la región Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, durante el período comprendido entre 1999 y 2004. Materiales y métodos: La información fue tomada del Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Para el analisis de la estacionalidad de dengue se utilizaron el número de casos de esta enfermedad para la estimación de promedios móviles y las caracteristicas de los brotes epidémicos. Se definió como brote epidémico un total de 20 ó más casos de dengue por semana epidemiológica. Resultados: Durante el período analizado se observó un incremento en el número de casos de dengue por año. Al observar la distribución de los casos incidentes del dengue cada año se resaltó un patrón anual estacional. Los brotes del dengue se presentaron al menos una vez al año, entre las semanas epidemiológicas 18-29 (abril-julio), que coincidían con la estación lluviosa. Discusión: Se evidencia que la región Pacífico Central, el dengue es una enfermedad predecible en cuanto a su comportamiento estacional, por lo que se recomienda intensificar las medidas de prevención para combatirla, así como preparar la atención de pacientes, en las semanas epidemiológica previas a las de mayor promedio en el número de casos, según el patrón estacional.

Intoxicación alimentaria por Clostridium perfringens en el Centro Penitenciario de Atención Institucional de San José. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Nourishing poisoning by Clostridium Perfringens in the Penitentiary Center of Institutional Attention of San José: Retrospective study of cohort

Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos se presentan anualmente en Costa Rica y por lo general se estudian hasta identificar el agente etiológico pero no hasta determinar su fuente de contaminación. No se ha documentado la importancia de fortalecer la inocuidad de los alimentos, lo cual produce eventos que comprometen la salud pública cada año, por lo que fue importante estudiar el presente brote. En este estudio se analiza el brote diarreico de un centro penitenciario de San José, en 2003, procurando determinar el probable alimento contaminado. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio corresponde a una cohorte retrospectiva que identifica exposición a los alimentos preparados dentro del Centro, en las 72 horas previas al pico epidémico. La descripción de la cohorte y el cálculo del (RR) se realizó posteriormente para determinar la posible asociación causal. Las muestras de heces fueron procesadas en el laboratorio de referencia del INCIENSA. Resultados: La totalidad de los individuos pertenecían al sexo masculino, todos privados de libertad con un promedio de edad de 31.1 años (IC95 por ciento=28.9-33.4). La sintomatología más frecuente fue la diarrea (92.3 por ciento) y dolor abdominal tipo cólico (84.6 por ciento). El resultado de laboratorio aisló como agente etiológico el Clostridium perfringens enterotoxigénico (CPE). Analizar los alimentos suministrados, pico epidémico y período de incubación, se tiene que el salchichón (RR=1.1;IC95 por ciento 0.5-2.7) y la preparación con carne molida (RR=2.1,IC por ciento:=0.6-7.4) mostraron ser los únicos alimentos capaces de transmitir el CPE. Distribución: El brote del Centro evidencia que la sintomatología descrita corresponde con lo documentado para la intoxicación por CPE y que, tomando en cuenta las condiciones necesarias para la transmisión, solo el salchichón y la preparación con carne molida cuentan con esta plausibilidad biológica. Al considerar el periodo de incubación, los valores de riesgo relativo calculados y la potencia estadística, se concluye que el alimento probablemente contaminado fue la preparación realizada con carne molida, por lo que se debe de reforzar las medidas de control sanitario. Descriptores: Clostridium perfringens, brote diarréico, enfermedad transmitida por alimentos.