Medication adherence to obeticholic acid: a real-world experience using medication event monitoring systems.

OBJECTIVE: We designed a clinical study to analyze patterns of adherence to  obeticholic acid, factors influencing the adherence and potential correlation with  treatment efficacy by using MEMS® cap in practice daily. Method: A multicenter prospective observational study of patients with primary  biliary cholangitis. Adherence will be measured by MEMS® cap, pill count, and  patient-reported outcomes during 3 months. The quality of life will be self- reported using the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire test, European Quality of  Life 5-Dimension Questionnaire test and Itch Severity Scale. CONCLUSIONS: We expect to clarify if there is correlation between adherence with  treatment efficacy and to identify causes for poor compliance and introduce  measures to reduce its prevalence.

OBJETIVO: Diseñamos un estudio clínico para analizar los patrones de adherencia al ácido obeticólico, los factores que influyen en la adherencia y  la posible correlación con la eficacia del tratamiento mediante el uso de  MEMS® cap en la práctica clínica diaria.Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes con  colangitis biliar primaria. La adherencia se medirá mediante MEMS® cap, el  recuento de comprimidos y se registrarán los resultados comunicados por el  paciente durante 3 meses. La calidad de vida será autoinformada utilizando el  Cuestionario de Enfermedad Hepática Crónica, el Cuestionario Europeo de  Calidad de Vida en cinco dimensiones y la Escala de Intensidad del Picor. CONCLUSIONES: Esperamos identificar si existe una relación entre la adherencia  con la efectividad del tratamiento e identificar las causas de la  falta de adherencia para poder introducir medidas para reducir su prevalencia.

Complete distribution of the genus Laevilitorina (Littorinimorpha, Littorinidae) in the Southern Hemisphere: remarks and natural history.

Littorinid snails are present in most coastal areas globally, playing a significant role in the ecology of intertidal communities. Laevilitorina is a marine gastropod genus distributed exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with 21 species reported from South America, the sub-Antarctic islands, Antarctica, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. Here, an updated database of 21 species generated from a combination of sources is presented: 1) new field sampling data; 2) published records; 3) the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), to provide a comprehensive description of the known geographic distribution of the genus and detailed occurrences for each of the 21 species. The database includes 813 records (occurrences), 53 from field sampling, 174 from the literature, 128 from GBIF, and 458 from ALA. West Antarctica had the highest species richness (8 species), followed by sub-Antarctic islands of New Zealand (4 species) and the south-east shelf of Australia (4 species). The provinces of Magellan, New Zealand South Island, and sub-Antarctic Islands of the Indian Ocean include two species each. This study specifically highlights reports of L.pygmaea and L.venusta, species that have been almost unrecorded since their description. Recent advances in molecular studies of L.caliginosa showed that this species does not correspond to a widely distributed taxon, but to multiple divergent lineages distributed throughout the Southern Ocean. Ongoing molecular and taxonomic studies are necessary for a better understanding of the diversity and biogeography of this genus.

Unveiling the unknown phylogenetic position of the scallop Austrochlamys natans and its implications for marine stewardship in the Magallanes Province.

Two species of scallop, Austrochlamys natans ("Ostión del Sur") and Zygochlamys patagonica ("Ostión patagonico") are presently exploited in the southern part of the Magallanes Province (MP). The lack of clarity in taxonomic identification and ecological aspects is generating both erroneous extraction statistics and an unperceived harvesting pressure on A. natans and Z. patagonica. We aim to discriminate these Magallanes scallops accurately, improve our understanding of their complex natural history and discuss possible implications for their management and conservation status, given the current fisheries statistics. To achieve these goals, we present a complete review of the historical identification of the Magallanes scallop and a multi-locus molecular phylogeny which allowed us to recover the phylogenetic position of A. natans. We sampled 54 individuals from five localities across the southern Pacific coast of the MP. We calculated the depth of the byssal notch (BND) and shell height (VH) ratio from morphological characters and conducted phylogenetic reconstructions with mitochondrial (12S and 16S) and nuclear markers (28S) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. Both morphology and molecular phylogeny identified two distinct entities, Z. patagonica and a distinct, highly divergent lineage that corresponds to A. natans. Our study provides integrative evidence to alert the current fishery management and the need for further conservation studies.

A new record of kelp Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices in the Sub-Antarctic Channels: implications for the conservation of the "huiro negro" in the Chilean coast.

The Katalalixar National Reserve (KNR) lies in an isolated marine protected area of Magellan Sub-Antarctic channels, which represent an important area for marine biodiversity and macroalgal conservation. The present study is the first report of the species Lessonia spicata, "huiro negro", in the Magellan Sub-Antarctic channels. This finding has implications for macroalgal biogeography and conservation concerns in the Chilean coast. In the ecological assessments of the KNR in 2018 we found populations of L. spicata, specifically on rocky shores of Torpedo Island and Castillo Channel. The morphological identification and molecular phylogeny based on nuclear (ITS1) sequences revealed that these populations of Lessonia are within the lineage of L. spicata of central Chile. This report increases the species richness of kelps for the Magellan Sub-Antarctic Channels from two to three confirmed species (L. flavicans, L. searlesiana and L. spicata), and it also extends the southern distribution range of L. spicata. This species has high harvest demand and is moving towards southern Chile; thus, these populations should be considered as essential for macroalgal conservation in high latitudes of South America.

Next-generation sequencing yields the complete organellar genomes of kelp Lessonia flavicans (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the Sub-Antarctic ecoregion of Magallanes, Chile.

The generitype Lessonia flavicans Bory is an endemic and important kelp from Sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion that shows affinity to extreme salinity, temperature, and photoperiod conditions. Genomic analysis of L. flavicans from Rinconada Bulnes, Punta Arenas, Chile, resulted in the assembly of its organellar genomes. The L. flavicans complete mitogenome is 37,226 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 66 genes (GenBank accession number MN561186), the complete plastid genome is 130,085 bp and has 173 genes (MN561187) and the data assembled 8205 bp of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (MN561188). The organellar genomes are similar in structure and content to L. spicata (Suhr) Santelices and other Laminariales.

Quiste ovárico fetal / Fetal ovarian cysts

Se presenta un caso de quiste ovárico fetal, diagnosticado por ultrasonografía a las 35 semanas de gestación, en una paciente de 40 años de edad. Se comenta frecuencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento