Functional gonadotroph pituitary adenoma: A case report.

Most clinically non-functioning pituitary tumour arise from gonadotroph cells. However, clinically functional pituitary gonadotroph adenoma is rare. Here we report a female case who presented with menstrual disturbances, however further workup demonstrated a pituitary microadenoma with elevated FSH and oestradiol level. Transsphenoidal resection was performed and the surgical histopathology confirmed pituitary gonadotroph adenoma. Postoperatively, improvement in both symptoms and hormonal profile were observed. Interestingly, the initially enlarged and polycystic ovaries became within normal range around eight months after the surgery. We suggest functional gonadotroph adenoma should be considered in the presence of gynaecological disorder with persistently elevated oestradiol and FSH levels.

RIPK1 inhibitors: A key to unlocking the potential of necroptosis in drug development.

Within the field of medical science, there is a great deal of interest in investigating cell death pathways in the hopes of discovering new drugs. Over the past two decades, pharmacological research has focused on necroptosis, a cell death process that has just been discovered. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), an essential regulator in the cell death receptor signalling pathway, has been shown to be involved in the regulation of important events, including necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, researching necroptosis inhibitors offers novel ways to treat a variety of disorders that are not well-treated by the therapeutic medications now on the market. The research and medicinal potential of RIPK1 inhibitors, a promising class of drugs, are thoroughly examined in this study. The journey from the discovery of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) to the recent advancements in RIPK1 inhibitors is marked by significant progress, highlighting the integration of traditional medicinal chemistry approaches with modern technologies like high-throughput screening and DNA-encoded library technology. This review presents a thorough exploration of the development and therapeutic potential of RIPK1 inhibitors, a promising class of compounds. Simultaneously, this review highlights the complex roles of RIPK1 in various pathological conditions and discusses potential inhibitors discovered through diverse pathways, emphasizing their efficacy against multiple disease models, providing significant guidance for the expansion of knowledge about RIPK1 and its inhibitors to develop more selective, potent, and safe therapeutic agents.

Licoricidin combats gastric cancer by targeting the ICMT/Ras pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Licoricidin, a type of isoflavonoid, is extracted from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra. It has been widely proven that licoricidin possesses multiple biological activities, including anti-cancer effects and a powerful antimicrobial effect against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). However, the exact mechanism of licoricidin against gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively explored the effects of licoricidin on MGC-803 gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and further elucidated its mechanism of action. Our results revealed that licoricidin exhibited multiple anti-gastric cancer activities, including suppressing proliferation, inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and inhibiting the migration and invasion abilities of MGC-803 gastric cancer cells. In addition to this, a total of 5861 proteins were identified by quantitative proteomics research strategy of TMT labeling, of which 19 differential proteins (two upregulated and 17 downregulated) were screened out. Combining bioinformatics analyses and the reported roles in cancer progression of the 19 proteins, we speculated that isoprenyl carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) was the most likely target of licoricidin. Western blot assays and IHC assays subsequently proved that licoricidin significantly downregulated the expression of ICMT, both in MGC-803 cells and in xenograft tumors. Moreover, licoricidin effectively reduced the level of active Ras-GTP and blocked the phosphorylation of Raf and Erk, which may be involved in its anti-gastric cancer effects. In summary, we first demonstrated that licoricidin exerted favorable anti-gastric cancer activities via the ICMT/Ras pathway, which suggests that licoricidin, as a natural product, could be a novel candidate for the management of gastric cancer.

N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease with neuroprotective effects.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a serious threat to the developed nations with burgeoning patients and annual costs on health care system in modern society. Neuroinflammation, as one of the specific biochemical factors in the progress of neurodegeneration diseases, performs a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of AD. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop effective anti-neuroinflammatory strategies for the treatment of AD. N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives were previously reported and demonstrated that possessed great potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects and favorable blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation. Herein, a series of novel N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives were synthesized and their anti-AD potential was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Among them, L7 performed well anti-neuroinflammatory effects and excellent neuroprotective effects, as well as little toxicity. To lucubrate its potential for the treatment of AD, behavior tests including morris water maze (MWM), eight-arm radial maze, open field test and novel object recognition (NOR) test were carried out and the results showed that L7 could remarkably improve Aß-induced cognitive impairment. Moreover, the mechanism of action of L7 on improving Aß-induced AD was preliminarily investigated, and the results uncovered that the neuroprotective effects of L7 was might exerte via intervening Aß-induced pyroptosis through NLRP3-caspase-1-GSDMD axis and ameliorating neuronal apoptosis by mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Besides, the distribution of Aß plaques in brain tissues were detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) assay and the results indicated that L7 could significantly attenuate the deposition of Aß plaques in the brain.

Novel Oxovanadium Complex VO(hntdtsc)(NPIP): Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Action on HeLa Cells.

Oxovanadium complexes, particularly vanadyl (IV) derivatives with hybrid ligands of Schiff base and polypyridyl, have been demonstrated to possess great anticancerous therapeutic efficacy. However, most of the studies on the activity of these oxovanadium complexes have mainly focused on in vitro studies, and animal studies in vivo are extremely scarce. Based on the antitumor test results of four novel oxovanadium complexes in our previous work, this work further conducted a comprehensive antitumor activity study in vitro and in vivo on VO(hntdtsc)(NPIP), which owned the strongest inhibitory activity in vitro on multiple tumor cell proliferation. The cellular mechanism study suggested that VO(hntdtsc)(NPIP) inhibited the cell proliferation via arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase through the p16-cyclin D1-CDK4-p-Rb pathway and inducing cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway on HeLa cells. Inconsistent with the effects in vitro, VO(hntdtsc)(NPIP) significantly inhibited the growth of tumor and induced the apoptosis of cancer cells in mice xenograft models according to the results of nude mice in vivo image detection, H&E pathological examination, and immunohistochemical detection of p16/Ki-67 protein expression. Collectively, all the results, particularly studies in vivo, demonstrated that VO(hntdtsc)(NPIP) hold a potential to be the lead compound and further to be an anticervical cancer drug.

Ginaton improves neurological function in ischemic stroke rats via inducing autophagy and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.

PURPOSE: The present study was carried out to confirm the protective effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba (Ginaton) against ischemic neuronal damage post-treatment at 24 h after reperfusion in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and further reveal its possible mechanisms. METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were modeled by MCAO for 2 h. The rats were divided into three groups: sham, model, and Ginaton (50 mg/kg). All animals received treatment once a day for 14 days from 24 h after reperfusion. Modified neurological severity score test was performed in 1, 7 and 14 days after MCAO, and beam walking test was performed only 14 days after MCAO. Hematoxylin-eosin straining was implemented to measure infarct volume and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to calculate the number of neurons in ischemic cortex penumbra. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of autophagy (Beclin1, LC3, AMPK, mTOR, ULK), mitochondrial dynamic protein (Parkin, DRP1, OPA1) and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax). RESULTS: Post-treatment with Ginaton for 14 days decreased neurological deficit score, promoted the recovery of motor function, and noticeably reduced infarct size. Besides, Ginaton also alleviated the loss of NeuN-positive cells in ischemic cortex penumbra. In ischemic cortex, Ginaton increased the expression of Beclin1 and LC3-Ⅱ, elevated the AMPK, mTOR and ULK1, and induced autophagy. Moreover, Ginaton treatment upregulated Parkin, DRP1, and OPA1, and elevated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in 14 days after MCAO reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION: Ginaton exhibited obvious neuroprotective effects in MCAO rats with initial administered 24 h after MCAO. The mechanism of Ginaton included induction of autophagy via activation of the AMPK pathway, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis.

Inhibitory effects of petasin on human colon carcinoma cells mediated by inactivation of Akt/mTOR pathway.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and still lack of effective therapy so far. Petasin, a natural product found in plants of the genus Petasites, has been reported to possess anticancer activity. The present study aimed to investigate the anticolon cancer activity of petasin both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism of petasin was also further explored. METHODS: Caco-2, LoVo, SW-620, and HT-29 cell lines were used to detect the inhibitory effect of petasin on colon cancer proliferation. Cell viability was determined using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Hoechst 33258 staining was used to visualize morphological changes. Cell migration was assessed using a wound-healing migration assay, and cell invasion was investigated using Transwell chambers. Western blotting assays were employed to evaluate the expression levels of proteins in the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway. Finally, in vivo activity of petasin was evaluated using the SW-620 subcutaneous tumor model established in Balb/c nude mice. Twelve rats were randomly divided into control group and 10 mg/kg petasin group. The tumor volume was calculated every 7 days for 28 days. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to assess the apoptotic effect of petasin. Differences between two groups were assessed by analysis of independent-sample t tests. RESULTS: Petasin significantly inhibited the proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell lines, induced apoptosis, and suppressed migration and invasion in SW-620 cells. Western blotting results showed that petasin decreased the phosphorylation of Akt (1.01 ±â€Š0.16 vs. 0.74 ±â€Š0.06, P = 0.042), mTOR (0.71 ±â€Š0.12 vs. 0.32 ±â€Š0.11, P = 0.013), and P70S6K (1.23 ±â€Š0.21 vs. 0.85 ±â€Š0.14, P = 0.008), elevated the expression of caspase-3 (0.41 ±â€Š0.09 vs. 0.74 ±â€Š0.12, P = 0.018) and caspase-9 (1.10 ±â€Š0.27 vs. 1.98 ±â€Š0.22, P = 0.009), decreased the Bcl-2 protein (2.75 ±â€Š0.47 vs. 1.51 ±â€Š0.36, P = 0.008), downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 (1.51 ±â€Š0.31 vs. 0.82 ±â€Š0.11, P = 0.021) and MMP-9 (1.56 ±â€Š0.32 vs. 0.94 ±â€Š0.15, P = 0.039) in SW-620 cell. In vivo, 10 mg/kg petasin inhibited tumor growth in Balb/c nude mice (924.18 ±â€Š101.23 vs. 577.67 ±â€Š75.12 mm at day 28, P = 0.001) and induced apoptosis (3.6 ±â€Š0.7% vs. 36.0 ±â€Š4.9%, P = 0.001) in tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Petasin inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer SW-620 cells via inactivating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Our findings suggest petasin as a potential candidate for colon cancer therapy.

Euphornin reduces proliferation of human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells through induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

BACKGROUND: The plant Euphorbia helioscopia L. has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various disorders such as tuberculosis and edema. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of euphornin, a bioactive compound isolated from E. helioscopia, on proliferation of human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells by analyzing cell viability, rate of apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sulforhodamine B assay was used to study the effect of euphornin on the proliferation of HeLa cells. Morphological changes to cell nuclei were identified after Hoechst 33342 staining. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization (MMP) was analyzed after staining with JC-1 dye. The influence of euphornin on the apoptosis rate was analyzed by Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was applied to investigate the influence of euphornin on cell cycle progression. Proteins were obtained from HeLa cells and analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: A cell viability assay showed that euphornin inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Euphornin also induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, with the rates of apoptosis ranging from 25.3% to 52.6%. A high concentration of euphornin was found to block HeLa cells at the G2/M stage. A Western blot analysis suggested that euphornin might exhibit antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis. Euphornin treatment altered the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in HeLa cells, which led to the release of cytochrome complex. The levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-10 were also markedly increased by euphornin treatment. Analysis of cell cycles indicated that euphornin induced cell cycle arrest by increasing the level of the phospho-CDK1 (Tyr15) protein. The various assays demonstrated that euphornin treatment resulted in a significant suppression of cell growth accompanied by G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased rate of apoptosis via mitochondrial and caspase pathways. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that euphornin has the potential to be used as a cancer therapeutic agent against human cervical adenocarcinoma.

Oleuropein Protects Cardiomyocyte against Apoptosis via Activating the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase Pathway In Vitro.

Oleuropein, the main glycoside present in olives, has been reported to have cardioprotective effect, but the exact mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. This study attempted to clarify the cardioprotective effect of oleuropein against simulated ischemia/reperfusion- (SI/R-) induced cardiomyocyte injury in vitro and further explore the underlying mechanism. Here we confirmed that oleuropein reduced the cell injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte induced by SI/R evidenced by decreasing MTT dye reduction and LDH activity in the culture medium. Meanwhile, the compound also inhibited reactive oxygen species excessive generation and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential after SI/R. The flow cytometry assessment results indicated the inhibition of cellular apoptosis with oleuropein treatment. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that oleuropein attenuated the expression of Cyt-C, c-caspase-3, and c-caspase-9, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt after SI/R. However, the phosphorylation enhancement was partially abolished in the presence of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and U0126 (ERK inhibitor). All these findings indicate that oleuropein has the protective potential against SI/R-induced injury and its protective effect may be partly due to the attenuation of apoptosis via the activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

In vitro study of the cytotoxicities of two mixed-ligand oxovanadium complexes on human hepatoma cells.

The cytotoxicities of two oxovanadium complexes, VOI [VO(satsc)(phen)] (satsc = salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and VOII [VO(3,5-dibrsatsc)(phen)](3,5-dibrsatsc = 3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone), were studied by performing MTT assays on human hepatoma cell lines BEL-7402, HUH-7 and HepG2. The results showed that both the VOI and VOII complexes possess significant anti-proliferative effects. In addition, the anti-proliferative mechanism of the complexes was analyzed by cell cycle analysis and an apoptosis assay and by detecting the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m). The experimental results showed that the complexes can cause a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and can significantly decrease delta psi m, causing depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Notably, the two complexes induced apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells and displayed typical morphological apoptotic characteristics. The cytotoxicities of the VOII complex are significantly stronger than that of the VOI complex, suggesting that the cytotoxic effects of oxovanadium complexes may be associated with the electronic effects of the complexes.

DNA binding, antitumor activities, and hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of novel oxovanadium (IV) complexes with substituted isoniazid.

Four novel oxovanadium(IV) complexes­[VO(PAHN)(phen)] (1; PAHN is 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 2-[(2-hydroxy)-1-naphthalenylene] hydrazide, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline), [VO(PAHN)(bpy)] (2; bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine), [VO(PAH)(phen)] (3; PAH is 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 2-[(2-hydroxy)-1-phenyl]methylene hydrazide), and [VO(PAH)(bpy)] (4)­have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV­vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Their interactions with calf thymus DNA were investigated. The results suggest that these complexes bind to DNA in an intercalative mode. All four complexes exhibited highly cytotoxic activity against tumor cells (SH-SY5Y, MCF-7, and SK-N-SH), with 50 % inhibitory concentrations of the same order of magnitude as for cisplatin or of lower order of magnitude. Complex 1 exhibited the highest interaction ability and was found to be the most potent antitumor agent among the four complexes. It can cause G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle, induces significant apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells, and displays typical morphological apoptotic characteristics. In addition, their hydroxyl radical scavenging properties have been tested, and complex 1 was the best inhibitor.

A comparison of the effects of digoxin, ouabain and milrinone on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in mice.

Modulation of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity by acute and chronic opiates has been established for many years. However, the effects of digoxin, a putative inhibitor of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome are unknown. In the present study, a digoxin dose-response curve was conducted to observe the effects on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and locomotor activity in mice. Higher doses of digoxin (1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg) inhibited locomotor activity and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping and weight loss, while lower doses of digoxin (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg) inhibited withdrawal weight loss precipitated by naloxone without affecting locomotor activity and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping. To explore the possible mechanisms underlying this behavior, another Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, which does not cross the blood brain barrier, and another cardiotonic drug milrinone, a non-inhibitor of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, were also included in the present study. Both milrinone and ouabain inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, naloxone-precipitated weight loss while neither affected naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping nor locomotor activity in mice. These results indicate that both the cardiotonic effects and central inhibition of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase contribute to the inhibitory effects of digoxin on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice.