Normalized Quantitative PCR Measurements as Predictors for Ethene Formation at Sites Impacted with Chlorinated Ethenes.

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting Dehalococcoides mccartyi ( Dhc) biomarker genes supports effective management at sites impacted with chlorinated ethenes. To establish correlations between Dhc biomarker gene abundances and ethene formation (i.e., detoxification), 859 groundwater samples representing 62 sites undergoing monitored natural attenuation or enhanced remediation were analyzed. Dhc 16S rRNA genes and the vinyl chloride (VC) reductive dehalogenase genes bvcA and vcrA were detected in 88% and 61% of samples, respectively, from wells with ethene. Dhc 16S rRNA, bvcA, vcrA, and tceA (implicated in cometabolic reductive VC dechlorination) gene abundances all positively correlated with ethene formation. Significantly greater ethene concentrations were observed when Dhc 16S rRNA gene and VC RDase gene abundances exceeded 107 and 106 copies L-1, respectively, and when Dhc 16S rRNA- and bvcA + vcrA-to-total bacterial 16S rRNA gene ratios exceeded 0.1%. Dhc 16S rRNA gene-to- vcrA/ bvcA ratios near unity also indicated elevated ethene; however, no increased ethene was observed in 19 wells where vcrA and/or bvcA gene copy numbers exceeded Dhc cell numbers 10- to 10 000-fold. Approximately one-third of samples with detectable ethene lacked bvcA, vcrA, and tceA, suggesting that comprehensive understanding of VC detoxification biomarkers has not been achieved. Although the current biomarker suite is incomplete, the data analysis corroborates the value of the available Dhc DNA biomarkers for prognostic and diagnostic groundwater monitoring at sites impacted with chlorinated ethenes.

Grape pomace compost harbors organohalide-respiring Dehalogenimonas species with novel reductive dehalogenase genes.

Organohalide-respiring bacteria have key roles in the natural chlorine cycle; however, most of the current knowledge is based on cultures from contaminated environments. We demonstrate that grape pomace compost without prior exposure to chlorinated solvents harbors a Dehalogenimonas (Dhgm) species capable of using chlorinated ethenes, including the human carcinogen and common groundwater pollutant vinyl chloride (VC) as electron acceptors. Grape pomace microcosms and derived solid-free enrichment cultures were able to dechlorinate trichloroethene (TCE) to less chlorinated daughter products including ethene. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and qPCR analyses revealed a predominance of Dhgm sequences, but Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) biomarker genes were not detected. The enumeration of Dhgm 16S rRNA genes demonstrated VC-dependent growth, and 6.55±0.64 × 108 cells were measured per µmole of chloride released. Metagenome sequencing enabled the assembly of a Dhgm draft genome, and 52 putative reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes were identified. Proteomic workflows identified a putative VC RDase with 49 and 56.1% amino acid similarity to the known VC RDases VcrA and BvcA, respectively. A survey of 1,173 groundwater samples collected from 111 chlorinated solvent-contaminated sites in the United States and Australia revealed that Dhgm 16S rRNA genes were frequently detected and outnumbered Dhc in 65% of the samples. Dhgm are likely greater contributors to reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents in contaminated aquifers than is currently recognized, and non-polluted environments represent sources of organohalide-respiring bacteria with novel RDase genes.

Investigation into the presence of human papillomavirus in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to infect the tissues of the oropharynx as demonstrated in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). HPV has also been shown to induce benign lymphoid hypertrophy. We sought to investigate an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the presence of HPV in palatine and lingual tonsillar oropharyngeal tissue. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. METHODS: This retrospective laboratory-based study of oropharyngeal tissue from patients with OSA included patients >18 years old who underwent surgical treatment for OSA at a single institution between January 2012 and May 2014. Surgical specimens of adequate size were analyzed for HPV6, 11, and 16 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction from DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Student t test, Pearson χ2 test, and linear logistic regression were used to assess comparisons of body mass index (BMI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), age, and gender between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. RESULTS: Of 99 cases included in the study, six were positive for HPV: two with HPV16 and four with HPV6. BMI, AHI, age, and gender showed no significant differences between the HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. Logistic regression to predict HPV positivity accounting for each variable and multivariate analysis were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not show HPV to have a statistically significant association with OSA. None of the covariates analyzed (BMI, AHI, gender, age) predicted HPV positivity in surgically resected oropharyngeal tissue from OSA patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 127:1231-1234, 2017.

Middle Eastern Rhinoplasty: Relationship of the Nasal Spine and Caudal Septum to Tip Projection and Columellar-Labial Angle.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the anterior nasal spine length (ANSL) and septal caudal extension (SCE), as well as assess the strength of association between these variables and tip projection in the Middle Eastern nose. Our secondary aim was to assess if columellar-labial angle (CLA) or columellar-spinal angle (CSA) vary as a function of ANSL and/or SCE. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Prospective single institutional study. SUBJECTS: Middle Eastern primary rhinoplasty patients without nasal trauma or prior endonasal surgical history. METHODS: Photographic and intraoperative caliper measurements were used to determine Goode ratio (GR), CLA, CSA, ANSL, and SCE. Associations between numeric variables were examined with scatterplots, including use of LOWESS curves and Pearson correlation coefficients. Linear regression models were used for predicting quantitative variables (GR, CLA, CSA). Logistic regression models were used for predicting overprojection status based on GR. RESULTS: In total, 102 patients met inclusion criteria (82 females, 20 males). Mean ANSL and SCE were 8.6 mm and 14.9 mm, respectively; ANSL and SCE had a strong positive association with each other. SCE and ANSL were found to have low predictability for GR, CLA, or CSA. CONCLUSION: Determinations of projection status using the GR method do not appear to be related to ANSL or SCE values in our Middle Eastern study group. Relationships of absolute columellar-labial or columellar-spinal angles are likely more complex than isolated value implications of SCE or ANSL.

Identification of biomarker genes to predict biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane.

Bacterial multicomponent monooxygenase gene targets in Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 were evaluated for their use as biomarkers to identify the potential for 1,4-dioxane biodegradation in pure cultures and environmental samples. Our studies using laboratory pure cultures and industrial activated sludge samples suggest that the presence of genes associated with dioxane monooxygenase, propane monooxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase are promising indicators of 1,4-dioxane biotransformation; however, gene abundance was insufficient to predict actual biodegradation. A time course gene expression analysis of dioxane and propane monooxygenases in Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 and mixed communities in wastewater samples revealed important associations with the rates of 1,4-dioxane removal. In addition, transcripts of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes were upregulated during biodegradation, although only the aldehyde dehydrogenase was significantly correlated with 1,4-dioxane concentrations. Expression of the propane monooxygenase demonstrated a time-dependent relationship with 1,4-dioxane biodegradation in P. dioxanivorans CB1190, with increased expression occurring after over 50% of the 1,4-dioxane had been removed. While the fraction of P. dioxanivorans CB1190-like bacteria among the total bacterial population significantly increased with decrease in 1,4-dioxane concentrations in wastewater treatment samples undergoing active biodegradation, the abundance and expression of monooxygenase-based biomarkers were better predictors of 1,4-dioxane degradation than taxonomic 16S rRNA genes. This study illustrates that specific bacterial monooxygenase and dehydrogenase gene targets together can serve as effective biomarkers for 1,4-dioxane biodegradation in the environment.

Ethanol preference in Drosophila melanogaster is driven by its caloric value.

BACKGROUND: Perhaps the most difficult thing to ascertain concerning the behavior of another animal is its motivation. The motivation underlying the preference of Drosophila melanogaster for ethanol (EtOH)-rich food has long been ascribed to its value as a food. A recently introduced idea is that, as in humans, the pharmacological effects of EtOH also motivate the fly to choose EtOH-rich food over nonalcoholic food. METHODS: Flies are given a choice between pipets that contain liquid food and liquid food supplemented with EtOH. In some experiments, carbohydrates are added to the non-EtOH-containing food to balance the calories for EtOH. RESULTS: We confirm that D. melanogaster indeed prefer food that is supplemented with EtOH. However, if the alternative food choice is isocaloric, D. melanogaster usually do not show any preference for a 10% EtOH solution. Even after EtOH preference has been established, it can be completely reversed if the alternative food is calorically supplemented. This occurs even when the carbohydrate solution used to balance calories is not gustatorily attractive. Furthermore, if the alternative food contains more calories than the EtOH food, the flies will prefer the non-EtOH food. We go on to show that during the preference assay that EtOH in the fly does not exceed 4 mM, which in mammals is a nonintoxicating dose. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that preference for EtOH in this assay arises not from the pharmacological effects of EtOH but rather because of its nutritive value.

Monitoring gene expression to evaluate oxygen infusion at a gasoline-contaminated site.

Increasingly, molecular biological tools, most notably quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), are being employed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel oxygenates. While qPCR enumeration of key organisms or catabolic genes can aid in site management decisions, evaluation of site activities conducted to stimulate biodegradation would ideally include a direct measure of gene expression to infer activity. In the current study, reverse-transcriptase (RT) qPCR was used to monitor gene expression to evaluate the effectiveness of an oxygen infusion system to promote biodegradation of BTEX and MTBE. During system operation, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels at the infusion points were greater than 30 mg/L, contaminant concentrations decreased, and transcription of two aromatic oxygenase genes and Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1-like 16S rRNA copies increased by as many as 5 orders of magnitude. Moreover, aromatic oxygenase gene transcription and PM1 16s rRNA increased at downgradient locations despite low DO levels even during system operation. Conversely, target gene expression substantially decreased when the system was deactivated. RT-qPCR results also corresponded to increases in benzene and MTBE attenuation rates. Overall, monitoring gene expression complemented traditional groundwater analyses and conclusively demonstrated that the oxygen infusion system promoted BTEX and MTBE biodegradation.

Quantification of aromatic oxygenase genes to evaluate enhanced bioremediation by oxygen releasing materials at a gasoline-contaminated site.

Subsurface injection of oxygen-releasing materials (ORMs) is frequently performed at petroleum-contaminated sites to stimulate aerobic bioremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). In this study, qPCR enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes and PCR-DGGE profiles of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were combined with groundwater monitoring to determine the impact of ORM injection on BTEX bioremediation at a gasoline-contaminated site. Prior to injection, BTEX concentrations were greater than 3 mg/L and DO levels were typically lessthan 2 mg/L, butphenol hydroxylase (PHE) and ring-hydroxylating toluene monooxygenase (RMO) genes were detected in impacted wells indicating the potential for aerobic BTEX biodegradation. Following injection, DO increased, BTEX concentrations decreased substantially, and PHE and RMO genes copies increased by 1-3 orders of magnitude. In addition, naphthalene dioxygenase (NAH) and xylene monooxygenase (TOL) genes were intermittently detected during periods of increased DO. Following depletion of the ORM, DO decreased, BTEX concentrations rebounded, and oxygenase genes were no longer detected. Temporal changes in PCR-DGGE microbial community profiles reflected the dynamic changes in subsurface conditions. Overall, the combination of chemical and geochemical analyses with quantification of aromatic oxygenase genes demonstrated that injection stimulated BTEX biodegradation until the ORM was depleted.

Enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes to evaluate biodegradation during multi-phase extraction at a gasoline-contaminated site.

Multi-phase extraction (MPE) is commonly used at petroleum-contaminated sites to volatilize and recover hydrocarbons from the vadose and saturated zones in contaminant source areas. Although primarily a physical treatment technology, the induced subsurface air flow can potentially increase oxygen supply and promote aerobic biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), the contaminants of concern at gasoline-contaminated sites. In this study, real-time PCR enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes and PCR-DGGE profiles were used to elucidate the impact of MPE operation on the aquifer microbial community structure and function at a gasoline-contaminated site. Prior to system activation, ring-hydroxylating toluene monooxygenase (RMO) and naphthalene dioxygenase (NAH) gene copies were on the order of 10(6) to 10(10)copies L(-1) in groundwater samples obtained from BTEX-impacted wells. Aromatic oxygenase genes were not detected in groundwater samples obtained during continuous MPE indicating decreased populations of BTEX-utilizing bacteria. During periods of pulsed MPE, total aromatic oxygenase gene copies were not significantly different than prior to system activation, however, shifts in aromatic catabolic genotypes were noted. The consistent detection of RMO, NAH, and phenol hydroxylase (PHE), which catabolizes further oxidation of hydroxylated BTEX metabolites indicated the potential for aerobic biodegradation of dissolved BTEX during pulsed MPE.

Enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes to evaluate monitored natural attenuation at gasoline-contaminated sites.

Monitoring groundwater benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) concentrations is the typical method to assess monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and bioremediation as corrective actions at gasoline-contaminated sites. Conclusive demonstration of bioremediation, however, relies on converging lines of chemical and biological evidence to support a decision. In this study, real-time PCR quantification of aromatic oxygenase genes was used to evaluate the feasibility of MNA at two gasoline-impacted sites. Phenol hydroxylase (PHE), ring-hydroxylating toluene monooxygenase (RMO), naphthalene dioxygenase (NAH), toluene monooxygenase (TOL), toluene dioxygenase (TOD), and biphenyl dioxygenase (BPH4) genes were routinely detected in BTEX-impacted wells. Aromatic oxygenase genes were not detected in sentinel wells outside the plume indicating that elevated levels of oxygenase genes corresponded to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Total aromatic oxygenase gene copy numbers detected in impacted wells were on the order of 10(6)-10(9)copies L(-1). PHE, RMO, NAH, TOD, and BPH4 gene copies positively correlated to total BTEX concentration. Mann-Kendall analysis of benzene concentrations was used to evaluate the status of the dissolved BTEX plume. The combination of trend analysis of contaminant concentrations with quantification of aromatic oxygenase genes was used to assess the feasibility of MNA as corrective measures at both sites.

Soil microbial community responses to additions of organic carbon substrates and heavy metals (Pb and Cr).

Microcosm experiments were conducted with soils contaminated with heavy metals (Pb and Cr) and aromatic hydrocarbons to determine the effects of each upon microbial community structure and function. Organic substrates were added as a driving force for change in the microbial community. Glucose represented an energy source used by a broad variety of bacteria, whereas fewer soil species were expected to use xylene. The metal amendments were chosen to inhibit the acute rate of organic mineralization by either 50% or 90%, and lower mineralization rates persisted over the entire 31-day incubation period. Significant biomass increases were abolished when metals were added in addition to organic carbon. The addition of organic carbon alone had the most significant impact on community composition and led to the proliferation of a few dominant phylotypes, as detected by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. However, the community-wide effects of heavy metal addition differed between the two carbon sources. For glucose, either Pb or Cr produced large changes and replacement with new phylotypes. In contrast, many phylotypes selected by xylene treatment were retained when either metal was added. Members of the Actinomycetales were very prevalent in microcosms with xylene and Cr(VI); gene copy numbers of biphenyl dioxygenase and phenol hydroxylase (but not other oxygenases) were elevated in these microcosms, as determined by real-time PCR. Much lower metal concentrations were needed to inhibit the catabolism of xylene than of glucose. Cr(VI) appeared to be reduced during the 31-day incubations, but in the case of glucose there was substantial microbial activity when much of the Cr(VI) remained. In the case of xylene, this was less clear.

Detection and enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes by multiplex and real-time PCR.

Our abilities to detect and enumerate pollutant-biodegrading microorganisms in the environment are rapidly advancing with the development of molecular genetic techniques. Techniques based on multiplex and real-time PCR amplification of aromatic oxygenase genes were developed to detect and quantify aromatic catabolic pathways, respectively. PCR primer sets were identified for the large subunits of aromatic oxygenases from alignments of known gene sequences and tested with genetically well-characterized strains. In all, primer sets which allowed amplification of naphthalene dioxygenase, biphenyl dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase, xylene monooxygenase, phenol monooxygenase, and ring-hydroxylating toluene monooxygenase genes were identified. For each primer set, the length of the observed amplification product matched the length predicted from published sequences, and specificity was confirmed by hybridization. Primer sets were grouped according to the annealing temperature for multiplex PCR permitting simultaneous detection of various genotypes responsible for aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation. Real-time PCR using SYBR green I was employed with the individual primer sets to determine the gene copy number. Optimum polymerization temperatures for real-time PCR were determined on the basis of the observed melting temperatures of the desired products. When a polymerization temperature of 4 to 5 degrees C below the melting temperature was used, background fluorescence signals were greatly reduced, allowing detection limits of 2 x 10(2) copies per reaction mixture. Improved in situ microbial characterization will provide more accurate assessment of pollutant biodegradation, enhance studies of the ecology of contaminated sites, and facilitate assessment of the impact of remediation technologies on indigenous microbial populations.