Galactoligosaccharide and a prebiotic blend improve colonic health and immunity of adult dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two prebiotics in different concentrations on nutrient digestibility, fermentative products and immunological variables in adult dogs. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly divided into six blocks according to their metabolic body weights (BW0.75); within these groups, dogs were randomized to four treatments: control without prebiotics (CO); inclusion of 0.5% prebiotic blend Yes-Golf (B1); inclusion of 1.0% galactooligosaccharide (GOS); and inclusion of 1.0% prebiotic blend Yes-Golf (B2). The experiment lasted 30 days, with 20 days adaptation and 10 days stool and blood collection. Results were analyzed for normality and means were separated by ANOVA and adjusted by the Tukey test at the significance level of 5.0%. Prebiotic supplementation had no effect on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), total stool production and fecal scores (p > 0.05). Prebiotics evaluated also did not alter fecal pH, nor the concentrations of ammonia, lactic acid, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and most fecal branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) (p > 0.05). The addition of GOS decreased the concentration of iso-valeric acid (p = 0.0423). Regarding immunological variables, concentrations of fecal IgA were not influenced by the treatments. Treatments GOS and B2 increased the total number of polymorphonuclear cells, as well as the oxidative burst in relation to treatments B1 and CO (p < 0.0001). Treatment B2 improved the rate of S. aureus phagocytosis in relation to CO (p = 0.0111), and both the GOS and B2 treatments had a better index for E. coli phagocytosis than the CO treatment (p = 0.0067). In conclusion, there was indication that both prebiotics GOS and B2 at 1.0% inclusion improved the immunity of healthy dogs.

Gender status effect on carcass and meat quality traits of feedlot Angus × Nellore cattle.

The study evaluated the effect of gender status on carcass and meat quality of feedlot Angus × Nellore cattle. A total of 176 cattle, 20 months old, were confined for 190-days and assigned to four treatments: bulls, immunocastrated, steers, and heifers. Bulls had greater rib eye area and HCW (p = 0.0001). Heifers had increased fat thickness (p = 0.0001). Steers and heifers had higher marbling scores (p = 0.0001). There was interaction between gender and aging time for Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (p = 0.0002), L* (p = 0.0118), and b* (p = 0.0113) values of beef. The sensory panel results showed that beef from bulls had the lowest consumer overall acceptance (p = 0.0278). Especially, regardless tenderness, steers and immunocastrated beef were considered tender, independent of aging time. Beef produced by heifers, steers, and immunocastrated is considered to be of higher quality than bulls. Thus, it is may be an interesting alternative to produce high-quality beef than bulls, to attend the consumer demand for high-quality products. Additionally, the low fatty acids n6 levels and low n6:n3 ratio, high levels of CLA, MUFAs, and oleic acid suggests that the heifer meat is favorable for human health.

Heat shock and structural proteins associated with meat tenderness in Nellore beef cattle, a Bos indicus breed.

Nellore beef cattle, a Bos indicus (Zebu) breed, is well adapted to tropical conditions and has allowed Brazil to become one of the largest producers of red meat. Nevertheless, B. indicus breeds are reported to have less tender meat than Bos taurus. This study was designed to identify genes associated with meat tenderness and thus provides important information for breeding programs. A group of 138 animals was evaluated for longissimus thoracis muscle shear force (SF). Animals with the highest and lowest SF values (six animals each) were then selected for protein abundance studies. Samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by peptide sequencing through mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins associated with SF values. Seventeen differentially expressed spots were observed (p<0.05) between the two groups. The 13 proteins identified included structural proteins (alpha actin-1, MLC1, MLC3, MLC2F and tropomyosin), related to cell organization (HSPB1 and HSP70), metabolism (beta-LG, ACBD6 and Complex III subunit I) and some uncharacterized proteins. Results confirm the existence of differentially expressed proteins associated with SF, which can lead to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in meat tenderness.

Clínica de cães com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática, tratados ou não com carvedilol / Clinic of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) treated or not by carvedilol

O tratamento convencionalmente preconizado para cães acometidos pela CMD consiste na prescrição de vasodilatadores, agentes inotrópicos positivos (digitálico), diuréticos, dieta hipossódica e, quando necessário, antiarrítmicos. O carvedilol é um β-bloqueador de 3ª geração, não seletivo, que bloqueia igualmente e competitivamente os receptores (β1, β2 e α1). Produz uma evidente vasodilatação periférica, exerce efeitos anti-oxidantes, removendo radicais livres de oxigênio e prevenindo a peroxidação lipídica nas membranas cardíacas, prevenindo a perda de miócitos e a ocorrência de arritmias e reduzindo a taxa de mortalidade em pacientes humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar clínica, eletrocardiográfica, radiográfica e ecocardiograficamente a evolução de cães com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) tratatos com terapia convencional associada ao carvedilol. Para tal foram avaliados 49 cães com CMD divididos em: grupo NT, tratado com terapia convencional, e grupo T, tratado com terapia convencional associada ao carvedilol. Os animais foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e a exames complementares durante o período de um ano. Os resultados demonstraram que a terapia com carvedilol apresentou boa tolerabilidade na dose de 0,3mg kg-1 12-12horas, aumentou a sobrevida dos cães em 30,9 por cento, não alterou as pressões sistólica e diastólica, reduziu a frequência cardíaca após três semanas de terapia, melhorou significantemente as frações de encurtamento e ejeção após seis meses de tratamento, não promoveu alterações radiográficas e da distância E-septo, diminuiu o índice de letalidade da doença, fato demonstrado pela melhora no escore clínico e na classe funcional dos animais, obtida após três semanas de terapia com carvedilol.

Commonly prescribed therapy for dogs presenting DCM consists of vasodilators, positive inotropic drugs (digitalics), diuretics, low-sodium diet and, when necessary, anti-arrhythmics. Carvedilol is a third generation non-selective β-blocker which blocks equally and competitively (β1, β2 and α1) receptors. Produces an evident peripheral vasodilation, exerts anti-oxidative effects, removing free radicals of oxygen and preventing lipidic peroxydation of cardiac membranes, and the loss of myocytes and arrhythmias, as well as reducing mortality rate in human patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate by physical examination, electrocardiography, radiography, and echocardiography the evolution of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) treated by conventional therapy associated to carvedilol. Forty-nine dogs with DCM were divided in two groups: group NT: treated with conventional therapy, and group T: treated with conventional therapy associated to carvedilol. The animals were submitted to clinical and complementary examinations during one year. The results demonstrated that carvedilol therapy presented good tolerability on the dose of 0.3mg kg-1 each 12 hours, prolonged lifetime of the dogs in 30.9 percent, did not alter systolic or diastolic pressure, reduced heart frequency after three weeks of treatment, significantly enhanced shortening and ejection fractions after six months of treatment, did not promote radiographic or E-septum distance alterations, decreased patients letality, as demonstrated by improvement of clinical score and functional class (heart failure according to NYHA) of the animals, obtained three weeks after the beginning of cavedilol therapy.

Caracterização imunofenotípica e avaliação quantitativa do infiltrado linfocítário junto às áreas de displasia epitelial da próstata de cães adultos sexualmente intactos / Immunophenotipic characterization and quantitative evaluation of lymphocitary infiltrate in areas with prostatic epithelial dysplasia of intact and adult dogs

O estudo da próstata canina tem se tornado comum em razão da grande incidência de doenças prostáticas nessa espécie e das similaridades com as alterações apresentadas pela glândula prostática humana. Frente à alta frequência de displasias epiteliais acompanhadas de infiltrado linfocitário intersticial e atrofia acinar na espécie canina, o presente estudo teve como objetivos a caracterização imunofenotípica e a avaliação quantitativa desse infiltrado, utilizando marcadores para identificação de linfócitos T (anti-CD3) e B (anti-CD79a). Foram catalogadas 42 lesões displásicas classificadas em discreta (48 por cento), moderada (38 por cento) e acentuada (14 por cento). O infiltrado linfocitário intersticial periacinar junto às áreas de epitélio prostático displásico constituiu-se predominantemente por linfócitos T (66 por cento) e houve interação entre o grau histológico da displasia e o marcador imunoistoquímico, com oscilação na quantidade de células T e B intersticiais em função do grau da displasia epitelial.

Canine prostatic studies have been common due to high incidence of prostatic diseases in these animals and similarities with alterations in human prostatic gland. Due the high frequency of dysplasia associated with interstitial lymphocitary infiltrate and acinar atrophy in canine prostate, the aims in this study were the immunophenotypic characterization and the quantitative evaluation of the same infiltrated using anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a to T and B lymphocytes, respectively. Forty two epithelial dysplasic lesions were graduated in discrete (48 percent), moderate (38 percent) and accentuated (14 percent). Lymphocitary periacinar infiltrate in dysplasic areas was T type and interaction between dysplasia grade and marker was observed, with oscillation of T and B cells in according with epithelial dysplasia grade.

O carvedilol no tecido conjuntivo cardíaco de ratos durante o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia miocárdica concêntrica / Carvedilol in conjuctive tissue of rats during hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A estimulação catecolaminérgica precoce e excessiva do coração, que ocorre na insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, acentua a sobrecarga de pressão e o volume nos ventrículos, agravando, conseqüentemente, a isquemia miocárdica, causando morte de miócitos com deposição de tecido conjuntivo e progressiva redução do débito cardíaco. O carvedilol, um b e alfa1-bloqueador não cardio-seletivo, vem sendo associado a melhorias na função miocárdica e à regressão da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação do carvedilol em ratos submetidos a um modelo experimental de hipertrofia miocárdica por sobrecarga de pressão, por meio da coartação da aorta subdiafragmática. Ratos Wistar (65 animais) foram divididos em quatro grupos: não coartados/tratados com placebo, coartados/tratados com placebo, coartados/tratados com 0,1mg kg-1 de carvedilol e coartados/tratados com 1mg kg-1 de carvedilol. Após o procedimento cirúrgico e 20 dias de tratamento, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e coletados fragmentos que, depois de fixados em formol a 10 por cento e processados pela técnica histológica convencional utilizando coloração picrossirius, permitiram contagem de tecido conjuntivo nos ventrículos esquerdo e direito. Resultados: nos animais coartados/tratados com placebo, houve aumento na porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo nos ventrículos esquerdo e direito; nos coartados/tratados com 0,1mg kg-1 de carvedilol, houve uma redução parcial da quantidade de tecido colágeno do ventrículo esquerdo e direito, e, nos coartados/tratados com 1mg kg-1 de carvedilol, houve uma redução significativa na quantidade de tecido colágeno do ventrículo esquerdo.