Healthcare Resource Utilization and Direct Cost of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) data are scarce in Dubai [United Arab Emirates (UAE)]. Therefore, this study aimed at understanding real-world healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and related costs, specialties, treatment landscape, consultation-based prevalence and incidence, and patient characteristics. Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal, insurance e-claims (Dubai Private Insurance-insured expatriates) database studied AD in Dubai between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2020. Two cohorts of patients based on treatment status as the eligibility criteria were selected from 442,956 patients with at least two AD diagnosis claims: treated AD [mild to moderate (10,134 patients) and moderate to severe (3515 patients)] and untreated or on drugs not included in the treated AD cohort (10,806 patients). Results: Across treated AD (mild to moderate and moderate to severe) and untreated AD cohorts, mean age was ~ 29 years; the majority were from dermatology (65-44%) and pediatrics (29-32%) specialty. Key HCRU cost contributors were hospitalizations and outpatient visits in both the treated AD groups. Mean annual disease-specific HCRU cost per patient was highest for the moderate-to-severe treated (531.5 USD) cohort, followed by the mild-to-moderate treated (378.4 USD) cohort, and lowest for the untreated (144.0 USD) cohort; patients with AD with any infection, asthma, or allergic rhinitis showed a similar trend. However, AD-diagnosed patients with Staphylococcus infection had the highest mean HCRU cost among the mild-to-moderate treated AD cohort, followed by the moderate-to-severe treated AD cohort. Conclusion: This study indicated AD to be a common skin disease with a prevalence rate of 4-5% in Dubai (UAE), with the majority of patients (about 90%) being treated by specialists. However, there is a significant underuse of newer innovative therapies (including biologics). Also, disease severity (moderate-to-severe AD) was associated with high direct medical cost, which could be controlled by early intervention. Furthermore, AD treatment choice could focus on major direct HCRU cost contributors such as hospitalizations, comorbid conditions, and infections. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13555-022-00769-z.

Healthcare Resource Utilization and Direct Cost of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) data are scarce in Dubai [United Arab Emirates (UAE)]. Therefore, this study aimed at understanding real-world healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and related costs, specialties, treatment landscape, consultation-based prevalence and incidence, and patient characteristics. METHODS: This retrospective, longitudinal, insurance e-claims (Dubai Private Insurance-insured expatriates) database studied AD in Dubai between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2020. Two cohorts of patients based on treatment status as the eligibility criteria were selected from 442,956 patients with at least two AD diagnosis claims: treated AD [mild to moderate (10,134 patients) and moderate to severe (3515 patients)] and untreated or on drugs not included in the treated AD cohort (10,806 patients). RESULTS: Across treated AD (mild to moderate and moderate to severe) and untreated AD cohorts, mean age was ~ 29 years; the majority were from dermatology (65-44%) and pediatrics (29-32%) specialty. Key HCRU cost contributors were hospitalizations and outpatient visits in both the treated AD groups. Mean annual disease-specific HCRU cost per patient was highest for the moderate-to-severe treated (531.5 USD) cohort, followed by the mild-to-moderate treated (378.4 USD) cohort, and lowest for the untreated (144.0 USD) cohort; patients with AD with any infection, asthma, or allergic rhinitis showed a similar trend. However, AD-diagnosed patients with Staphylococcus infection had the highest mean HCRU cost among the mild-to-moderate treated AD cohort, followed by the moderate-to-severe treated AD cohort. CONCLUSION: This study indicated AD to be a common skin disease with a prevalence rate of 4-5% in Dubai (UAE), with the majority of patients (about 90%) being treated by specialists. However, there is a significant underuse of newer innovative therapies (including biologics). Also, disease severity (moderate-to-severe AD) was associated with high direct medical cost, which could be controlled by early intervention. Furthermore, AD treatment choice could focus on major direct HCRU cost contributors such as hospitalizations, comorbid conditions, and infections.

Effect of menthol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of felodipine in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to determine whether menthol affects the metabolism of and pharmacological responses to the calcium channel antagonist felodipine in people. METHODS: Eleven healthy subjects (ten female, one male) participated in a randomized, double-blind, two-way crossover study, comparing the kinetics and effects of a single oral dose of felodipine ER tablet (Plendil, 10 mg) with menthol (test) or placebo (reference) capsules. Ten subjects completed the study. At the beginning of the study, a 10-mg felodipine ER tablet and a 100-mg menthol or placebo capsule were given. During the 2nd, 5th and 7th hours of the study, 50, 25 and 25 mg menthol or placebo capsules were given, respectively. Blood samples and cardiovascular measurements were obtained at frequent intervals. Serum felodipine and dehydrofelodipine concentrations were determined by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic parameters of felodipine and dehydrofelodipine (AUC0-24, Cmax, t(max), dehydrofelodipine/felodipine AUC0-24 ratio) were not markedly changed with menthol coadministration. Only eight female subjects' cardiovascular data were included in the analysis because of technical problems during the measurements. There were no statistically significant differences in blood pressures and heart rates between the two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of felodipine were essentially unaltered by menthol.

Influence of menthol on caffeine disposition and pharmacodynamics in healthy female volunteers.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to determine whether a single oral dose of menthol affects the metabolism of caffeine, a cytochrome P(450) 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrate, and pharmacological responses to caffeine in people. METHODS: Eleven healthy female subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, two-way crossover study, comparing the kinetics and effects of a single oral dose of caffeine (200 mg) in coffee taken together with a single oral dose of menthol (100 mg) or placebo capsules. Serum caffeine concentrations and cardiovascular and subjective parameters were measured throughout the study. RESULTS: Co-administration of menthol resulted in an increase of caffeine t(max) values from 43.6+/-20.6 min (mean+/-SD) to 76.4+/-28.0 min ( P<0.05). The C(max) values of caffeine were lower in the menthol phase than in the placebo phase, but this effect was not statistically significant ( P=0.06). (AUC)(0-24), (AUC)(0- infinity ), terminal half-life and oral clearance were not affected by menthol. Only nine subjects' cardiovascular data were included in the analysis because of technical problems during the measurements. After caffeine, heart rate decreased in both treatment phases. The maximum decrease in heart rate was less in the menthol phase (-8.9+/-3.9 beats/min) than in the placebo phase (-13.1+/-2.1 beats/min) ( P=0.024). There were no statistically significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressures between the two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a single oral dose of pure menthol (100 mg) delays caffeine absorption and blunts the heart-rate slowing effect of caffeine, but does not affect caffeine metabolism. The possibility that menthol slows the absorption of other drugs should be considered.