Development of a long-read next generation sequencing workflow for improved characterization of fastidious respiratory mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasma cynos and Mycoplasma felis are often associated with canine and feline infectious respiratory disease in dogs and cats, respectively. Mycoplasmas have a reduced genome and dearth of many biosynthetic pathways, making them dependent on rich medium for growth. Due to this fastidious nature, mycoplasmas have been historically underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective and accurate sequencing workflow for genotypic characterization of clinical isolates of M. cynos and M. felis using a rapid long-read sequencing platform. We explored the following critical aspects of bacterial whole genome sequencing, including: (i) five solid and liquid-based culture approaches based on a specialized media formulation for Mycoplasma culture, (ii) three DNA extraction methods modified for long-read sequencing purposes, and (iii) two de novo assembly platforms, Flye and Canu, as key components of a bioinformatics pipeline. DNA extraction method 1, a solid-phase and column-based kit with enzymatic lysis, provided the best DNA quality and concentration followed by high coverage and sequencing contiguity. This was obtained with a culture volume of 45 ml in modified Hayflick's broth incubated for 48 h. DNA extracted directly from colonies on agar or from small broth volumes (6 ml) did not meet the criteria required for long-read sequencing. Overall, Flye generated more contiguous assemblies than the Canu assembler and was more time efficient. This 4-5 day sample-to-sequence workflow provides the scientific and clinical communities with a more comprehensive tool than laborious conventional methods for complete genomic characterization of M. cynos and M. felis clinical isolates.

Effects of inflammatory stimuli on responses of macrophages to Mycoplasma bovis infection.

Inflammation in the respiratory tract is thought to worsen the disease response to Mycoplasma bovis infection. This study investigated the cells involved in this response with a focus on proteases and cytokines as harmful effector mechanisms. By immunohistochemistry, Mac387-positive macrophages were the main cell type comprising the foci of caseous necrosis in cattle with M. bovis pneumonia. Thus, the study evaluated how priming of different types of macrophages with bacterial lysate (or pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by the bacterial lysate) affected their responses to M. bovis infection. Inducible responses were detected in monocyte-derived macrophages (M1-MDMs and M2-MDMs), whereas pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were minimally affected by priming or infection. M. bovis-infected MDMs secreted MMP-12 and SPLA2, and priming with pro-inflammatory cytokines increased the secretion of cathepsin B in response to M. bovis infection. Of these, there were higher concentrations of cathepsin B and SPLA2 in lungs with M. bovis pneumonia compared to healthy lungs, and these are potential mechanisms for macrophage-induced lung damage in M. bovis infection. Priming of MDMs with either bacterial lysate or with pro-inflammatory cytokines caused an enhanced response to M. bovis infection with respect to IL-8 and IL-1ß secretion. The findings of this study suggest proteases, lipases and cytokines derived from monocyte-derived macrophages as possible mediators by which prior inflammation in the respiratory tract worsen disease outcomes from M. bovis infection.

Factors that predispose self-medication in university students, a colombian case / Factores que predisponen la automedicación en estudiantes universitarios, un caso colombiano

Background: Self-medication is a social practice that is becoming increasingly common in Colombia due to difficulties in healthcare access, long waits for appointments, or not enough time for users to visit their doctors or make checkup appointments. The aforementioned is reflected by the requests, claims and complaints received by the Superintendent of Health in Colombia during 2018, reaching near one million, 12% of which were due to the untimely availability of specialized medical appointments, and 6% are due to the untimely and delivery of medications. The untimely delivery of medications can lead to consequences such as self-medication along with its side effects, adverse reactions, occasional intoxications, and ineffectiveness due to their use in situations for which they are not indicated. For these reasons, this study explores cases among students from the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Universidad de Los Llanos. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, and the information was gathered by surveying a group of 270 students. Sampling was done on a pro-rata basis, accounting for the number of students per semester, and study degree. This instrument was approved by health professionals who held masters-level educations. The survey included variables such as demographic data, health status, knowledge of medications, and self-medication culture. Results: From the results obtained, 91% of the students are between ages 15 and 24, and 67% admitted self-medicated or used medications for ailments such as flu (67%), headache (60%), and fever (40%). The most used drugs included acetaminophen 90.1%, ibuprofen 49.7%, and 53.6% natural products, especially herbal infusions. Students stated they self-medicated because they did not have enough time to visit the doctor (42.5%). Conclusion: This study found that students understood the concept of self-medication and still used medications without a prescription, and 39.6% (107/270) of the students self-medicated at least once a month.

Antecedentes: La automedicación, es una práctica social que día a día aumenta en Colombia, debido a las dificultades de acceso a la Salud, consultas demoradas, falta de tiempo de los usuarios para asistir a las consultas y controles, como se refleja en las PQR (peticiones quejas y reclamos) presentadas a la superintendencia de salud en Colombia para el año 2018, a donde llegaron cerca de 1 millón, de las cuales se destacan el 12% por falta de oportunidad en la asignación de citas de consulta médica especializada, el 6% falta de oportunidad en la entrega de medicamentos. Esta falta de entrega de medicamentos puede traer como como consecuencias la automedicación con sus problemas relacionados a efectos secundarios, reacciones adversas, en algún caso intoxicación y falta de efectividad al utilizarlos en situaciones no indicadas. Por lo anterior los autores identificaron las justificaciones para realizar esta práctica en los estudiantes de la Facultad Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de los Llanos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; la recolección de información se hizo a través de encuestas a una población de 270 estudiantes y el muestreo se hizo por prorrateo teniendo en cuenta el número de estudiantes de grado por semestre y por carrera matriculados en los programas de la facultad Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de los Llanos. Este instrumento fue validado por profesionales de la salud con estudios de maestría, el cuestionario tiene variables como: datos demográficos, estado de salud, conocimiento de medicamentos y cultura de automedicación. Resultados: Entre los resultados obtenidos se destacan que el 91% de los estudiantes tienen entre 15 a 24 años; el 67% admite haberse auto-medicado, usando medicamentos para dolencias como gripa (67%), cefalea (60%) y en estado febril (40%); dentro de los medicamentos más utilizados están: acetaminofén 90,1%, ibuprofeno 49,7% y un 53,6% utiliza productos naturales, de estos, se destacan las aromáticas. La razón principal que argumenta los estudiantes para automedicarse es falta de tiempo para asistir al médico 42,5%. Conclusión: Se observó que los estudiantes comprenden el concepto de automedicación, consumen medicamentos sin prescripción médica. El 39.6% de los estudiantes se auto-medican al menos una vez al mes y lo hacen principalmente por falta de tiempo.

Intra-articular xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy increases CD4+CD25+ cells in synovial fluid.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease afflicting a substantial portion of the world's population with no currently available cure. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have been observed to have a mild beneficial effect in OA but the mechanism behind their action remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the lymphocytic response to a xenogeneic human umbilical cord-derived MSC-based cell therapy. A unilateral medial meniscal release model was employed in an ovine model of post-traumatic OA, with the contralateral limb employed as the control. A dose of 1.0 × 107 MSCs was administered to a subset of the OA group as well as to a normal sham-operated group. Synovial fluid was aspirated periodically for 13 weeks for flow cytometry analysis. At the termination of the study the stifle joints were collected and analyzed for potential pathologic changes. Cell therapy induced a transient influx of CD4+ leukocytes; there was a similar significant increase in the proportion of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi leukocytes in response to cell therapy, the latter being a subset that may be composed of regulatory T cells. There was no significant effect of the cell therapy treatment on the proportion of synovial fluid-derived CD8+ cells or BAQ44A+ B cells. iNOS expression of intimal lining macrophages was evident but reduced in the cell therapy OA group suggesting macrophage phenotype transformation. There were no inflammatory or histological changes that could be attributed to the cell therapy. Cell therapy induced chemotaxis of CD4+ cells to the joint but these cells were not associated with pathological changes, despite their expression of activation markers (CD25+).

WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes in intestinal mucosa of healthy and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infected calves.

Mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract, and skin are the front line of host defence and immunity against many pathogens. Gamma delta (γδ) T lymphocytes preferentially localize to the mucosal surfaces in several species including cattle, and are thought to play crucial roles in immunosurveillance and host defence, particularly against mycobacteria. Many γδ T cells are present in young calves, which is the period when calves are thought to be initially exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map). The role of mucosal γδ T cells in cattle, especially during host-pathogen interactions during early pre-clinical phases of infectious disease remains unclear. The purposes of this study were to investigate and characterize WC1+ and WC1neg γδ  T cell subsets in various segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of young calves, and then to examine γδ  T cell subsets in the distal small intestine of calves after experimental intestinal Map infection by direct Peyer's patch inoculation. We show that in healthy calves, the relative proportion of γδ T cells is constant throughout the GI mucosa, though the ileum has significantly more γδ T cells. In the distal intestine, γδ T cells are mainly WC1neg and primarily located within the lamina propria of the jejunum and ileum. In Map-infected intestine, there are higher numbers of γδ T cells in the lamina propria and a greater proportion of WC1+ cells within the epithelial layer compared to control calves. While WC1neg γδ T cells preferentially localize to the distal small intestine of healthy calves, WC1+ γδ T cells are increased in the intestinal mucosa during Map infection, which is suggestive of effector cell function. Further, spectral microscopy and flow cytometry in tandem will lead to improved understanding of the functions of these cells during health and disease.

Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of cattle. A significant knowledge gap is how persistence of Map within the intestinal tract after infection contributes to progression of disease. To address this, we exposed calves to Map by direct ileocecal Peyer's patch injection. Our objective was to characterize the persistence of Map in tissues, associated intestinal lesions, fecal Map shedding, and serum antibody responses, through the first 28-weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Previous work using this model showed 100% rate of Map infection in intestine and lymph node by 12 wpi. We hypothesized that direct inoculation of Map into the distal small intestine would induce intestinal Map infection with local persistence and progression towards clinical disease. However, our data show decreased persistence of Map in the distal small intestine and draining lymph nodes. We identified Map in multiple sections of distal ileum and draining lymph node of all calves at 4 and 12 wpi, but then we observed reduced Map in distal ileum at 20 wpi, and by 28 wpi we found that 50% of animals had no detectable Map in intestine or the lymph node. This provides evidence of resilience to Map infection following direct intestinal Map inoculation. Further work examining the immune responses and host-pathogen interactions associated with this infection model are needed to help elicit the mechanisms underlying resilience to Map infection.

Bovine WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T Lymphocytes Influence Monocyte Differentiation and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Maturation during In Vitro Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection.

During early Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, complex interactions occur between the bacteria, cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) including both resident (macrophages and dendritic cells) and recruited (monocytes) cells, and other mucosal sentinel cells such as γδ T lymphocytes. Though the details of early host-pathogen interactions in cattle remain largely underexplored, our hypothesis is that these significantly influence development of host immunity and ultimate success or failure of the host to respond to Map infection. The aims of the present study were to first characterize monocyte-derived MPS cells from young calves with respect to their immunophenotype and function. Then, we set out to investigate the effects of WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes on (1) the differentiation of autologous monocytes and (2) the maturation of autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). To achieve this, peripheral blood WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes were cocultured with either autologous freshly isolated peripheral blood-derived monocytes or autologous immature MDDCs (iMDDCs). We began by measuring several markers of interest on MPS cells. Useful markers to distinguish monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from MDDCs include CD11b, CD163, and CD172a, which are expressed significantly higher on MDMs compared with MDDCs. Function, but not phenotype, was influenced by WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes: viability of Map harvested from monocytes differentiated in the presence of WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes (dMonWC1neg) was significantly lower compared to MDMs and MDDCs. With respect to DC maturation, we first showed that mature MDDCs (mMDDCs) have significantly higher expression of CD11c, CD80, and CD86 compared with iMDDCs, and the phagocytic capacity of mMDDCs is significantly reduced compared to iMDDCs. We then showed that γδ T lymphocyte subsets induce functional (reduced phagocytosis) but not phenotypic (surface marker expression) iMDDC maturation. These data collectively show that γδ T lymphocytes influence differentiation, maturation, and ultimately the function of monocytes during Map infection, which has significant implications on survival of Map and success of host defense during early Map infection.

Bovine peripheral blood WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes modulate monocyte-derived macrophage effector functions during in vitro Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.

The importance of bovine γδ T lymphocytes during anti-mycobacterial immunity is recognized; however, the role of major subsets of γδ T lymphocytes (WC1+ and WC1neg) in this process remains unclear. We investigated how WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocyte subsets of calves modulate monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) functions during Map infection in vitro. To achieve this, Map-infected or uninfected MDMs from young calves were co-cultured with autologous WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes of young calves modulate effector functions of MDMs with respect to Map killing, CD11b and MHC-II expression. We observed differences in IFN-γ production and CD25 expression on γδ T lymphocyte subsets, as well as MDM expression of CD1b when in contact with WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes.

Bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes modify monocyte-derived macrophage responses during early Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.

Following Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection, some calves are apparently able to successfully clear the pathogen whereas others become persistently infected; however the reasons for this remain unknown. The importance of innate immunity, and in particular the role of γδ T lymphocytes, during early anti-mycobacterial immune response is recognized but specific mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate how bovine WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes mediate macrophage function during early Map infection. To achieve this objective, Map-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were co-cultured either in direct contact with, or separated by a semi-permeable membrane from, autologous WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes. Nitrites, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 from cell culture supernatants were measured. Expression of CD25 on WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes, expression of MHC-I and MHC-II on MDMs and the viability of Map recovered from MDM cultures 72h after Map infection were also assessed. Map viability was significantly reduced when WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were co-cultured in direct contact with Map-infected MDMs. Both MDMs and WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes generated increased concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in our system, and MDM/WC1(+) γδ T lymphocyte synergism was identified for IFN-γ production. MDMs but not WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes were a significant source of IL-17A. The presence of WC1(+) γδ T lymphocytes was associated with higher expression of MHC-I on MDMs and increased concentration of nitrites in supernatants 72h after Map infection. In conclusion, this study showed that WC1(+) γδ lymphocytes had differential effects on Map-infected macrophages in vitro.

Relationship between drug use and child maltreatment among undergraduate students of a university in Colombia / Drogas e sua relação com maus-tratos na infância para alunos de graduação de uma universidade da Colômbia / Relación entre el consumo de drogas y maltrato infantil entre estudiantes universitarios de la universidad en Colombia

Esta investigación examina la relación entre el uso de drogas en estudiantes de una Universidad Pública en Villavicencio, Colombia, y su relación con el maltrato durante la niñez, utilizando como referente teórico la perspectiva bioecológica. Estudio exploratorio retrospectivo, con una muestra de 313 estudiantes de pregrado. El 10.2% de los encuestados refiere haber sido maltratado en la Infancia y la violencia de mayor uso fue la violencia física seguida de la violencia psicológica. El 56.9% de las estudiantes encuestados han consumido sustancias psicoactivas en algún momento de la vida, y su inicio entre los 13 y los 18 años. Se evidencia maltrato en la infancia con manifestaciones de agresiones físicas, al igual que el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, pero no se observa una relación estadísticamente significativa entre maltrato durante la infancia y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la muestra estudiada.

Esta pesquisa analisa a relação entre o uso de drogas entre estudantes de uma universidade pública em Villavicencio, Colômbia, e sua relação com maus-tratos na infância, utilizando como referencial teórico a perspectiva bioecológica. Estudo exploratório retrospectivo, com uma amostra de 313 alunos de graduação. Dos entrevistados, 10,2% relataram ter sido abusados na infância, e os maus-tratos físicos e psicológicos foram os mais relatados. 56.9% dos estudantes entrevistados usou substância psicoativa, em algum momento da vida, com início entre 13 e 18 anos. Houve evidências de maus-tratos na infância com manifestações de violência física, bem como o consumo de substâncias psicoativas, mas não houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre maus-tratos durante a infância e o uso de substâncias psicoativas na amostra estudada.

This research examines the relationship between drug use among students of a public university in Villavicencio, Colombia, and child maltreatment, using as a theoretical reference bio-ecological perspective. A retrospective exploratory study was conducted with a sample of 313 undergraduate students. 10.2% of respondents reported having been maltreated during their childhood and the most widely used form of violence was physical violence followed by psychological violence. 56.9% of the surveyed students have used psychoactive substances at some point in life, and its onset between 13 and 18 years. There is evidence of child maltreatment with manifestations of physical aggression, as well as the consumption of psychoactive substances, but there is not a statistically significant relationship between maltreatment during childhood and the use of psychoactive substances in the studied sample.

The association between adult drug abuse and childhood maltreatment in students attending seven universities in five countries in Latin America and one country in the Caribbean / A associacao entre o abuso de drogas e o maltrato infantil em estudantes de sete universidades de cinco paises da América Latina e um do Caribe / La asociacion entre el abuso de drogas y el maltrato infantil en estudiantes de siete uniersidades de cinco paises de Latin America y uno pais del Caribe

This study investigated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adulthood drug abuse among university students from seven universities in five countries in Latin America and one country in the Caribbean. This multi-country study utilised a cross-sectional design to collect data on drug abuse, as well as retrospective data on maltreatment during childhood. The sample consisted of 2,283 university students, of which 82.6% reported childhood maltreatment experiences, and 33.5% increased levels of psychological distress. A significant relationship was observed between childhood maltreatment and drug abuse as an adult (p<0.05). Although the sampling technique does not permit generalisations to all university students, the current study identified exposure to childhood maltreatment as a potential precursor to adult drug abuse within the populations studied. Therefore, the effectiveness of drug demand reduction strategies at the respective universities may be enhanced by incorporating policies and interventions aimed at childhood maltreatment.

Este estudo busca identificar a relação entre o maltrato durante a infância e o abuso de drogas entre estudantes de sete universidades em cinco países de America Latina e um país do Caribe. Este é um estudo feito em vários países, utilizando um desenho de corte para coletar os dados de abuso de drogas e um levantamento retrospectivo sobre o maltrato na infância. A amostra foi constituída de 2.283 estudantes universitários, dos quais 82,6% informaram terem sido maltratadas na infância e 33,5% informaram ter níveis elevados de distresse psicológicos. Os dados indicaram uma relação significante (p<0.05) entre maltrato na infância e o abuso de drogas na vida adulta. Apesar da técnica amostral não permitir generalização para a população de estudantes, universitários, o presente estudo identificou que a exposição ao maltrato durante a infância e um precursor potencial para o abuso de drogas na vida adulta nesta população. Portanto, estratégias para reduzir o consumo de drogas entre as respectivas universidades podem melhorar sua efetividade se incorporarem políticas e intervenções que levam em consideração o aspecto de maltrato na infância.

Este estudio busca identificar la relación entre el maltrato durante la infancia y el abuso de drogas entre estudiantes de siete Universidad en cinco países de Latin America y uno país del Caribe. Este es un estudio hecho en varios países utilizando un diseño de corte para colectar los datos del abuso de drogas y un levantamiento retrospectivo sobre el maltrato en la infancia. La muestra fue constituida de 2.283 estudiantes universitarios, de los cuales 82,6% informaran maltrato en la infancia, y 33,5% informaran ter niveles elevados de distress psicológicos. Los datos indicaran una relación significante (p<0.05) entre el maltrato en la infancia y el abuso de drogas en la vida adulta. A pesar de la técnica amuéstrale no permitir generalización para la población de estudiantes universitarios, el presente estudio identifico que la exposición al maltrato durante la infancia es un precursor potencial para el abuso de drogas durante la vida adulta. Por lo tanto, estrategias para reducir el consume de drogas entre las respectivas universidades poden mejorar su efectividad si incorporan políticas e intervenciones que llevan en consideración el aspecto del maltrato en la infancia.

Adherencia de los profesionales al protocolo de manejo y red de apoyo familiar de sífilis gestacional y congénita / Adhesion of professionals to management protocol and gestational and congenital syphilis family support network / A adesão dos profissionais e gestão de suporte de rede família de protocolos de gestação e sífilis congênita

Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia de los profesionales médicos y de enfermería al protocolo de sífilis congénita y gestacional implementado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal con una población de 215 gestantes y una muestra de 11 gestantes diagnosticadas con sífilis gestacional en 10 municipios de un departamento en Colombia entre febrero y abril de 2013. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el Familiograma, Faces III (Olson), Lista de chequeo protocolo. Medidas de tendencia central. Participación voluntaria bajo consentimiento informado. Resultados: la media poblacional es de 20 años, baja escolaridad, amas de casa, en unión libre, todas afiliadas a seguridad social. El 60% corresponde a familias nucleares, faces III: 50% familias equilibradas, 30% moderadas y 20% extremas. Protocolo: Una gestante no tuvo control prenatal, el 54,5% no registran factores de riesgo, 60,3% diagnosticadas en tercer trimestre, 36,3% de recién nacidos con sífilis congénita, no se registra seguimiento serológico, no hay registro educativo a la paciente ni a la pareja, no hay valoración de genitales ni piel en examen físico de las gestantes, atención a RN incompleta, tratamiento suministrado adecuado. Conclusiones: Predominio de las familias nucleares y equilibradas, con capacidad de aprender de las crisis. No hay adherencia total al protocolo, no hay seguimiento por parte de los profesionales que brindan atención y cuidado a la usuaria. Se evidencia falta de educación continua en el tema al profesional de enfermería como líder del proceso en la región.

Objective: To determine the adherence of medical and nursing professionals to the protocol of congenital syphilis and gestational implemented by the Ministry for the Protection. Materials and Methods: Descriptive longitudinal study with 215 pregnant population and sample 11 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational syphilis in 10 localities of a state in Colombia between February and April 2013 were used as instruments the"Familiograma", Faces III (Olson) protocol check list. Measures of central tendency. Voluntary participation under informed consent. Results: Population average is 20 years, low education, housewives, married, they have social security. 60% of nuclear families, faces III: 50% balanced families, 30% moderate and 20% extreme. Protocol: One (1) pregnant women had no prenatal care. 54.5% reported no risk factors, diagnostic 60.3% in third quarter, 36.3% newborns with congenital syphilis, no serological monitoring is recorded, no educational record to the patient or partner, no valuation genital skin or physical examination of pregnant women, newborns incomplete care, provided proper treatment. Conclusions: Prevalence of nuclear and balanced families, with ability to learn from crises. No full adherence to the protocol, no monitoring by professionals providing care and attention to the user. Lack of continuing education about the topic to the nurse as leader of the process in the region is evident.

Objetivo: Para determinar a aderência do protocolo médico e de enfermagem da sífiliscongênita e gestacional implementado pelo Ministério para os profissionais de proteção. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo longitudinal com uma população de 215 grávida e uma amostra de 11 mulheres grávidas diagnosticadas com sífilis gestacionalem 10 municípios de um departamento na Colômbia, entre fevereiro e abril de 2013, foram utilizados como instrumentos a Familiograma, Faces III lista de verificação (Olson) protocolo. Medidas de tendência central. A participação voluntária sob consentimento informado. Resultados: A média da população quer dizer 20 anos, baixa escolaridade, donas de casa, união, todos os filiados para a segurança social. Os 60% é famílias nucleares, enfrenta III: 50% famíliasequilibradas, 30% moderada e 20% extremas. Protocolo: Um as mulheres grávidas não tinha o pré-natal. 54,5% não relataram fatores de risco, diagnósticode 60,3% no terceiro trimestre, 36,3% recém-nascidos com sífilis congênita, semacompanhamento sorológico é registrado, não há registro educacional para o paciente ou do parceiro, sem avaliação pele genital ou no exame físico de mulheres grávidas, recém-nascidos atenção incompleta, desde o tratamento adequado. Conclusões: A prevalencia de nuclear e equilibrada, com capacidade de aprender com as crises familiares. Sem plena adesão ao protocolo, nenhum monitoramento por profissionais que prestam cuidados e atenção para o utente. Falta de educação continuada sobre o assunto para enfermeiro como líder doprocesso na região é evidente

Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes universitarios en Villavicencio 2009-2010 / Psychoactive substances university students in villavicencio 2009-2010

Introducción: El consumo de alcohol acompañado del consumo de tabaco es un fenómeno que se encuentra profundamente arraigado en muchas sociedades y se ha convertido en uno de los factores de mayor riesgo sanitario. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol y tabaco) en jóvenes de 14 a 20 años, estudiantes de primer semestre de las universidades que se encuentran en el municipio de Villavicencio. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo exploratorio, de corte trasversal. La población está conformada por 1878 estudiantes; que para el segundo semestre del año 2009 cursaban el primer semestre de formación universitaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en algún momento de la vida en la población universitaria de Villavicencio se sitúa en el 95.6% (IC95: 93,9%–96,9%; DE: 0.21). En relación con la prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillo en algún momento de la vida en la población universitaria de Villavicencio se halla en el 47.4% (IC95: 43,9%–51%, DE: 0.49); el 34.5% de ese consumo se inició entre los 14 y los 18 años. Discusión y Conclusiones: En general se encuentra que las prevalencias de consumo de alcohol en todos los casos están por encima de las cifras nacionales, en contraste con las de cigarrillo, las cuales se encuentran por debajo. El alcohol en los menores de edad es un asunto de gran relevancia en la población universitaria: Uno de cada cuatro (1/4) de los encuestados consumen alcohol y uno de cada diez (1/10) fuman...

Introduction: Alcohol consumption accompanied snuff is a phenomenon that is deeply ingrained in many societies and has become one of the greatest health risk factors. Objective: To identify the prevalence of psychoactive substances (alcohol and snuff) in children 14 to 20 years, first semester students of the universities that are in the city of Villavicencio. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, exploratory, cross-section. The population consists of 1878 students, that for the second half of 2009 completed the first semester of college education. Results: The prevalence of alcohol at some point in life in the university town of Villavicencio is located in the 95.6% (IC95: 93.9% -96.9%, SD: 0.21). With regard to the prevalence of Cigarette smoking sometime in life in the university town of Villavicencio is located in 47.4% (IC95: 43.9% -51%, SD: 0.49), 34.5% of this consumption was initiated between 14 and 18 years. Discussion and Conclusions: In general it is found that the prevalence of alcohol consumption in all cases are above the national figures, in contrast to the cigarette, which are below. Alcohol in the minors is a matter of great importance in the college population: One in four (one quarter) of respondents use alcohol and one in ten (1 / 10) smoke...