The transition towards community-based mental health care in the European Union: Current realities and prospects.

The shift of mental health care from mental institutions to community-based services has been implemented differentially throughout the EU. However, because a comprehensive overview of the current mental health provision in member states is lacking, it is challenging to compare services across nations. This study investigates the extent of implementation of community-based mental health services within the EU using data collected from the WHO Mental Health Atlas. Results show that, although great cross-country variation exists in the implementation of community-based services, mental hospitals remain the prominent model of care in most countries. A few countries endorsed a balanced care model, with the co-occurrence of community services and mental hospitals. However, missing data, low quality of data and different service definitions hamper the possibility of a thorough analysis of the status on deinstitutionalization. Although policies on the closing and downsizing of mental institutions have been endorsed by the EU, the strong presence of mental hospitals slows down the shift towards community-based mental health care. This study highlights the need for an international consensus on definitions and a harmonization of indicators on mental health services. Together with the commitment of member states to improve the quality of data reporting, leadership must emerge to ensure quality monitoring of mental health-related data, which will help advance research, policies and practices.

Association of Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and Two-Year All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study of 33,221 Italian Continuous Users.

Background: Differences in survival between patients treated with antipsychotic monotherapy vs. polytherapy are debated. This study aimed to examine the association of antipsychotic polytherapy with 2-year all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort. Methods: Data were retrieved from healthcare databases of four local health units of Lombardy, Italy. Subjects aged 18-79 years who received continuous antipsychotic prescriptions in 2018 were identified. Overall survival among patients with antipsychotic monotherapy vs. polytherapy was compared. A multivariate Cox PH model was used to estimate the association between antipsychotic therapy, or antipsychotic use (continuous vs. non-continuous), and all-cause mortality. Adjustments were made for the presence of metabolic disturbances, total antipsychotic dosage amount (olanzapine equivalent doses), age, and sex. Results: A total of 49,875 subjects receiving at least one prescription of antipsychotics during 2018 were identified. Among the 33,221 patients receiving continuative antipsychotic prescriptions, 1958 (5.9%) experienced death from any cause at two years. Patients with continuous antipsychotic use had a 1.13-point increased mortality risk compared with non-continuous users. Patients treated with antipsychotic polytherapy showed an adjusted mortality risk increased by 17% (95% CI: 2%, 33%) compared to monotherapy. Conclusions: The study highlights the potential risks associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy, emphasizing the importance of optimizing drug prescriptions to improve patient safety and reduce mortality rates in individuals receiving antipsychotic therapy.

Failure to reduce benzodiazepine prescriptions through the implementation of a psychological intervention for insomnia in an Italian mental health service.

PURPOSE: Despite the evidence of higher effectiveness of psychological interventions for insomnia compared to pharmacological ones, drug prescriptions for insomnia remain frequent. This study has assessed patterns of prescriptions of BZDs for insomnia before and after the delivery of a training in psychological interventions to professionals working in the services of a Department of Mental Health in northern Italy. METHODS: The intervention consisted in two training sessions about psychological interventions for insomnia delivered to professionals of the participating services. The prevalence of users with a prescription of BZDs for insomnia in an index period after the delivery of the training was compared to the prevalence in an index period before the training. RESULTS: Among 727 people assessed for BZDs prescription at pre-intervention, 306 (42.1%, 95% CI 0.39-0.46) had a prescription, and 344 (49.2%, 95% CI 0.45-0.53) had a prescription among 699 people assessed at post-intervention, corresponding to a significant odds ratio of 1.33 to be prescribed with BZDs in the second index period compared to the first one. Psychological interventions were offered to a small group of patients. CONCLUSION: Prescribing attitudes of BZDs for insomnia were not modified after the training and delivery of a psychological intervention in a mental healthcare outpatient setting. Prescribing habits should be addressed more directly in training, and professionals should be more aware of risks of BZDs assumption. The failure in changing drug prescriptions in this study should prompt more real-world studies of the application of evidence-based strategies, particularly in outpatient mental health settings.

Tolerability of vortioxetine compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in older adults with major depressive disorder (VESPA): a randomised, assessor-blinded and statistician-blinded, multicentre, superiority trial.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent and disabling among older adults. Standing on its tolerability profile, vortioxetine might be a promising alternative to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in such a vulnerable population. Methods: We conducted a randomised, assessor- and statistician-blinded, superiority trial including older adults with MDD. The study was conducted between 02/02/2019 and 02/22/2023 in 11 Italian Psychiatric Services. Participants were randomised to vortioxetine or one of the SSRIs, selected according to common practice. Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events after six months was the primary outcome, for which we aimed to detect a 12% difference in favour of vortioxetine. The study was registered in the online repository clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03779789). Findings: The intention-to-treat population included 179 individuals randomised to vortioxetine and 178 to SSRIs. Mean age was 73.7 years (standard deviation 6.1), and 264 participants (69%) were female. Of those on vortioxetine, 78 (44%) discontinued the treatment due to adverse events at six months, compared to 59 (33%) of those on SSRIs (odds ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.39). Adjusted and per-protocol analyses confirmed point estimates in favour of SSRIs, but without a significant difference. With the exception of the unadjusted survival analysis showing SSRIs to outperform vortioxetine, secondary outcomes provided results consistent with a lack of substantial safety and tolerability differences between the two arms. Overall, no significant differences emerged in terms of response rates, depressive symptoms and quality of life, while SSRIs outperformed vortioxetine in terms of cognitive performance. Interpretation: As opposed to what was previously hypothesised, vortioxetine did not show a better tolerability profile compared to SSRIs in older adults with MDD in this study. Additionally, hypothetical advantages of vortioxetine on depression-related cognitive symptoms might be questioned. The study's statistical power and highly pragmatic design allow for generalisability to real-world practice. Funding: The study was funded by the Italian Medicines Agency within the "2016 Call for Independent Drug Research".

Allocation of Users of Mental Health Services to Needs-Based Care Clusters: An Italian Pilot Study.

In Italy, despite strong community-based mental health services, needs assessment is unsatisfactory. Using the Mental Health Clustering Tool (MHCT) we adopted a multidimensional and non-diagnosis dependent approach to assign mental health services users with similar needs to groups corresponding to resources required for effective care. We tested the MHCT in nine Departments of Mental Health in four Italian regions. After a brief training, 318 professionals assessed 12,938 cases with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and personality disorder through the MHCT. 53% of cases were 40-59 years, half were females, 51% had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 48% of cases were clinically severe. Clusters included different levels of clinical severity and diagnostic groups. The largest cluster was 11 (ongoing recurrent psychosis), with 18.9% of the sample, followed by cluster 3 (non-psychotic disorders of moderate severity). The MHCT could capture a variety of problems of people with mental disorders beyond the traditional psychiatric assessment, therefore depicting service population from a different standpoint. Following a brief training, MHCT assessment proved to be feasible. The automatic allocation of cases made the attribution to clusters easy and acceptable by professionals. To what extent clustering provide a sound base for care planning will be the matter of further research.

Assessing the quality of the care offer for people with personality disorders in Italy: the QUADIM project. A multicentre research based on the database of use of Mental Health services.

BACKGROUND: Italy can be viewed as a laboratory to assess the quality of mental healthcare delivered in a community-oriented system, especially for severe mental disorders, such as personality disorders. Although initiatives based on clinical indicators for assessing the quality of mental healthcare have been developed by transnational-organisations, there is still no widespread practice of measuring the quality of care pathways delivered to patients with severe mental disorders in a community-oriented system, especially using administrative healthcare databases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the quality of care delivered to patients with personality disorders taken-in-care by mental health services of four Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, Sicily). METHODS: A set of thirty-three clinical indicators, concerning accessibility, appropriateness, continuity, and safety of care, was implemented using regional healthcare utilization databases, containing data on mental health treatments and diagnosis, hospital admissions, outpatient interventions and exams and drug prescriptions. RESULTS: 31,688 prevalent patients with personality disorders treated in 2015 were identified, of whom 2,331 newly taken-in-care. One-in-10 patients received a standardized assessment, the treatment discontinuity affected half of the cases. 12.7% of prevalent patients received at least one hospitalization, 10.6% in the newly taken-in-care cohort. 6-out-of-10 patients had contact with community-services within 14 days from hospital discharge. Access to psychotherapy and psychoeducational treatments was low and delivered with a low intensity. The median of psychosocial interventions per person-year was 19.1 and 9.4, respectively, in prevalent and newly taken-in-care cases. Nearly 50% of patients received pharmacological treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare utilization databases were used to systematically evaluate and assess service delivery across regional mental health systems; suggesting that in Italy the public mental health services provide to individuals with personality disorders suboptimal treatment paths.

Using big data and Population Health Management to assess care and costs for patients with severe mental disorders and move toward a value-based payment system.

BACKGROUND: Mental health (MH) care often exhibits uneven quality and poor coordination of physical and MH needs, especially for patients with severe mental disorders. This study tests a Population Health Management (PHM) approach to identify patients with severe mental disorders using administrative health databases in Italy and evaluate, manage and monitor care pathways and costs. A second objective explores the feasibility of changing the payment system from fee-for-service to a value-based system (e.g., increased care integration, bundled payments) to introduce performance measures and guide improvement in outcomes. METHODS: Since diagnosis alone may poorly predict condition severity and needs, we conducted a retrospective observational study on a 9,019-patient cohort assessed in 2018 (30.5% of 29,570 patients with SMDs from three Italian regions) using the Mental Health Clustering Tool (MHCT), developed in the United Kingdom, to stratify patients according to severity and needs, providing a basis for payment for episode of care. Patients were linked (blinded) with retrospective (2014-2017) physical and MH databases to map resource use, care pathways, and assess costs globally and by cluster. Two regions (3,525 patients) provided data for generalized linear model regression to explore determinants of cost variation among clusters and regions. RESULTS: Substantial heterogeneity was observed in care organization, resource use and costs across and within 3 Italian regions and 20 clusters. Annual mean costs per patient across regions was €3,925, ranging from €3,101 to €6,501 in the three regions. Some 70% of total costs were for MH services and medications, 37% incurred in dedicated mental health facilities, 33% for MH services and medications noted in physical healthcare databases, and 30% for other conditions. Regression analysis showed comorbidities, resident psychiatric services, and consumption noted in physical health databases have considerable impact on total costs. CONCLUSIONS: The current MH care system in Italy lacks evidence of coordination of physical and mental health and matching services to patient needs, with high variation between regions. Using available assessment tools and administrative data, implementation of an episodic approach to funding MH could account for differences in disease phase and physical health for patients with SMDs and introduce performance measurement to improve outcomes and provide oversight.

The quality of mental health care for people with bipolar disorders in the Italian mental health system: the QUADIM project.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of the quality of care pathways delivered to people with severe mental disorders in a community-based system remains uncommon, especially using healthcare utilization databases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of care provided to people with bipolar disorders taken-in-care by mental health services of four Italian areas (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, province of Palermo). METHODS: Thirty-six quality indicators were implemented to assess quality of mental health care for patients with bipolar disorders, according to three dimensions (accessibility and appropriateness, continuity, and safety). Data were retrieved from healthcare utilization (HCU) databases, which contain data on mental health treatments, hospital admissions, outpatient interventions, laboratory tests and drug prescriptions. RESULTS: 29,242 prevalent and 752 incident cases taken-in-care by regional mental health services with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in 2015 were identified. Age-standardized treated prevalence rate was 16.2 (per 10,000 adult residents) and treated incidence rate 1.3. In the year of evaluation, 97% of prevalent cases had ≥ 1 outpatient/day-care contacts and 88% had ≥ 1 psychiatric visits. The median of outpatient/day-care contacts was 9.3 interventions per-year. Psychoeducation was provided to 3.5% of patients and psychotherapy to 11.5%, with low intensity. 63% prevalent cases were treated with antipsychotics, 71.5% with mood stabilizers, 46.6% with antidepressants. Appropriate laboratory tests were conducted in less than one-third of prevalent patients with a prescription of antipsychotics; three quarters of those with a prescription of lithium. Lower proportions were observed for incident patients. In prevalent patients, the Standardized Mortality Ratio was 1.35 (95% CI: 1.26-1.44): 1.18 (1.07-1.29) in females, 1.60 (1.45-1.77) in males. Heterogeneity across areas was considerable in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: We found a meaningful treatment gap in bipolar disorders in Italian mental health services, suggesting that the fact they are entirely community-based does not assure sufficient coverage by itself. Continuity of contacts was sufficient, but intensity of care was low, suggesting the risk of suboptimal treatment and low effectiveness. Care pathways were monitored and evaluated using administrative healthcare databases, adding evidence that such data may contribute to assess the quality of clinical pathways in mental health.

Assessment and Monitoring of the Quality of Clinical Pathways in Patients with Depressive Disorders: Results from a Multiregional Italian Investigation on Mental Health Care Quality (the QUADIM Project).

Ensuring adequate quality of care to patients with severe mental disorders remains a challenge. The implementation of clinical indicators aimed at assessing the quality of health care pathways delivered is crucial for the improvement of mental health services (MHS). This study aims to evaluate the quality of care delivered to patients who are taken-into-care with depressive disorders by MHS. Thirty-four clinical indicators concerning accessibility, appropriateness, continuity, and safety were estimated using health care utilization databases from four Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, Sicily). A total of 78,924 prevalent patients treated for depressive disorders in 2015 were identified, of whom 15,234 were newly engaged by MHS. During the year of follow-up, access to psychotherapeutic interventions was low, while the intensity was adequate; 5.1% of prevalent patients received at least one hospitalization in a psychiatric ward (GHPW), and 3.3% in the cohort of newly engaged in services. Five-out-of-10 patients had contact with community services within 14 days after GHPW discharge, but less than half of patients were persistent to antidepressant drug therapy. Furthermore, prevalent patients showed an excess of mortality compared to the general population (SMR = 1.35; IC 95%: 1.26-1.44). In conclusion, the quality of health care is not delivered in accordance with evidence-based mental health standards. Evaluation of health interventions are fundamental strategies for improving the quality and equity of health care.

Myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are acquired bone marrow malignant disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, resulting from a complex interaction between genetic and epigenetic mutations, alterations of the marrow microenvironment, and the immune system. In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a classification that integrates morphologic and genetic information, considering the MDS with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) as a distinct entity. Considering the strong association between MDS-RS and SF3B1 mutation and its importance in the development of MDS, the last WHO classification replaced the prior entity of MDS-RS with MDS with SF3B1 mutation. Several studies were performed to explore this genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutant SF3B1 protein deregulates the expression of genes implicated in developing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Of paramount importance are PPOX and ABCB7 involved in iron metabolism. Another essential role in hemopoiesis is played by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) receptor. This gene exerts its effects on SMAD pathways, regulating hematopoiesis through effects on balancing proliferation and apoptosis cell inactivity, differentiation, and migration. Luspatercept (ACE-536) is a soluble fusion protein that inhibits molecules in the TGF-ß superfamily. Since its structure resembles the TGF-ß family receptor, it catches TGF-ß superfamily ligands before binding to the receptor, resulting in reduced activation of SMAD signaling, thus enabling erythroid maturation. Luspatercept was investigated in the phase III trial MEDALIST, showing promising efficacy in treating anemia compared to placebo. Nowadays, further studies are needed to explore the real potential of luspatercept, investigating the biological features likely associated with treatment response, the potential use in combination treatments, and its role in the treatment of naïve MDS.

Including mental health care in a model of European health system.

The management of a health system is a matter of economics and business administration because of the costs induced by goods and services delivered. Economics teaches us that the positive effects induced by competition in free markets cannot be expected in health care, which is a classic example of market failure from both demand and supply sides. The most sensible key concepts to refer for managing a health system are funding and provision. While the logical solution for the first variable is universal coverage through general taxation, the second one requires a deeper understanding. Integrated care is the modern approach that better supports the choice in favour of the public sector also for service provision. A major threat against this approach is dual practice legally allowed for health professionals, which inevitably raises financial conflicts of interest. An exclusive contract of employment for civil servants should be the sine qua non for providing public services effectively and efficiently. Integrated care is particularly important for long-term chronic illnesses associated with high levels of disability, such as neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders, where the mix of health and social services needed can be very complex. Nowadays the growing number of community-dwelling patients with multiple physical and mental health needs is the major challenge for the European health systems. This happens also in public health systems, which should provide universal health coverage in principle, and the case of mental disorders is striking. In the light of this theoretical exercise, we strongly believe that a public National Health and Social Service should be the most indicated model for both funding and providing health and social care in modern societies. The big challenge of the common model of European health system here envisaged would be to limit the negative influences of politics and bureaucracy.

From contact coverage to effective coverage of community care for patients with severe mental disorders: A real-world investigation from Italy.

Objectives: To measure the gap between contact and effective coverage of mental healthcare (MHC). Materials and methods: 45,761 newly referred cases of depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder from four Italian regions were included. A variant of the self-controlled case series method was adopted to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for the relationship between exposure (i.e., use of different types of MHC such as pharmacotherapy, generic contact with the outpatient services, psychosocial intervention, and psychotherapy) and relapse (emergency hospital admissions for mental illness). Results: 11,500 relapses occurred. Relapse risk was reduced during periods covered by (i) psychotherapy for patients with depression (IRR 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.91) and bipolar disorder (0.64; 0.29 to 0.99); (ii) psychosocial interventions for those with depression (0.74; 0.56 to 0.98), schizophrenia (0.83; 0.68 to 0.99), and bipolar disorder (0.55; 0.36 to 0.84), (iii) pharmacotherapy for patients with schizophrenia (0.58; 0.49 to 0.69), and bipolar disorder (0.59; 0.44 to 0.78). Coverage with generic care, in absence of psychosocial/psychotherapeutic interventions, did not affect risk of relapse. Conclusion: This study ascertained the gap between contact and effective coverage of MHC and showed that administrative data can usefully contribute to assess the effectiveness of a mental health system.

The Italian consensus conference on psychological therapies for anxiety and depressive disorders: findings and recommendations.

A Consensus Conference of clinicians, researchers, public health specialists and users was convened in Italy to review efficacy, effectiveness, treatment appropriateness and access to care for anxiety and depression, and to consider the role of psychological therapies. Expert opinion was sought concerning identification of people requiring psychological therapies according to levels of symptom severity matched to corresponding levels of treatment intensity, suitability of psychological therapies for subclinical anxiety or depression, definition of a minimum level of information on evidence-based psychotherapies to be provided by university medical and psychology courses, initiatives to raise awareness among potential users and decision makers on the role and effectiveness of psychological therapies in healthcare. The expert jury concluded that a number of psychological therapy models endorsed by most authoritative guidelines are supported by research showing their effectiveness at least equal to the drugs used in common mental disorders (CMDs). Such therapies are under-represented in the Italian public health system, leading many people to resort to the private sector, resulting in unacceptable wealth discrimination. The difficulty of accessing psychological treatments often entails the use of drug therapies in cases where they are not indicated. Starting from these assumptions, the experts recommended the promotion of better and timely recognition of anxiety and depressive disorders and their classification in terms of symptom intensity and functional impairment, differentiating subthreshold mood swings from clinical forms, to foster outcome studies of psychotherapies in CMDs in Italy, to introduce a stepped care model structured according to levels of intensity of treatment, based on wellbeing support strategies in nonmedical contexts for subthreshold situations, self-help, support and psychoeducation as frontline interventions in mild clinical forms, evidence-based psychotherapies in moderate and severe forms, with the option of combining psychological treatment and appropriate drug therapy in the most severe cases.

Effects of goal-oriented care for adults with multimorbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of goal-oriented care against standard care for multimorbid adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The literature presenting the results of randomized trials assessing the outcomes of goal-oriented care compared with usual care for adults with multimorbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CENTRAL), EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINHAL, trial registries such as ClinicalTrial.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and the references of eligible trials and relevant reviews. Goal-oriented care was defined as an approach that engages patients, establishes personal goals, and sets targets for patients and clinicians to plan a course of action and measure outcome. We reviewed 228 trials, and 12 were included. We extracted outcome data on quality of life, hospital admission, patients' satisfaction, patient and caregiver burden. Risk of bias was assessed and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: No study was fully free of bias. No effect was found on quality of life (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.16) and hospital admission (risk ratio [RR]: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.17). There was a very small effect for patients' satisfaction (SMD: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.29) and caregiver burden (SMD: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.26 to 0.00). Certainty of evidence was low for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: No firm conclusions can be reached about the effects of goal-oriented care for multimorbid adults. Future research should overcome the shortcomings of trials assessed in this meta-analysis. Sound application of the indications for research of complex healthcare interventions is warranted.

The quality of mental health care delivered to patients with schizophrenia and related disorders in the Italian mental health system. The QUADIM project: a multi-regional Italian investigation based on healthcare utilisation databases.

AIMS: To evaluate the quality of mental health care delivered to patients with schizophrenia and related disorders taken-in-care by mental health services in four Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, Sicily). METHODS: Thirty-one clinical indicators concerning accessibility, appropriateness, continuity and safety were defined and estimated using healthcare utilisation (HCU) databases, containing data on mental health treatments, hospital admissions, outpatient interventions, lab tests and drug prescriptions. RESULTS: A total of 70 586 prevalent patients with schizophrenia and related disorders treated in 2015 were identified, of whom 1752 were newly taken-in-care by the facilities of regional mental health services. For most patients community care was accessible and moderately intensive. However, care pathways were not implemented based on a structured assessment and only half of the patients received psychosocial treatments. One patient out of ten had access to psychological interventions and psychoeducation. Activities specifically addressed to families involved a third of prevalent patients and less than half of new patients. One patient out of six was admitted to a community residential facility, and one out of ten to a General Hospital Psychiatric Ward (GHPW); higher values were identified in new cases. In general hospitals, few patients had a length of stay (LoS) of more than 30 days, while one-fifth of the admissions were followed by readmission within 30 days of discharge. For two-thirds of patients, continuity of community care was met, and six times out of ten a discharge from a GHPW was followed by an outpatient contact within 2 weeks. For cases newly taken-in-care, the continuity of community care was uncommon, while the readiness of outpatient contacts after discharge was slightly more frequent. Most of the patients received antipsychotic medication, but their adherence to long-term treatment was low. Antipsychotic polytherapy was frequent and the control of metabolic side effects was poor. The variability between regions was high and consistent in all the quality domains. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian mental health system could be improved by increasing the accessibility to psychosocial interventions, improving the quality of care for newly taken-in-care patients, focusing on somatic health and mortality, and reducing regional variability. Clinical indicators demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the mental health system in these regions, and, as HCU databases, they could be useful tools in the routine assessment of mental healthcare quality at regional and national levels.

Diagnostic criteria for enduring sexual dysfunction after treatment with antidepressants, finasteride and isotretinoin.

BACKGROUND: A set of enduring conditions have been reported in the literature involving persistent sexual dysfunction after discontinuation of serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors and isotretinoin. OBJECTIVE: To develop diagnostic criteria for post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD), persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) following serotonin reuptake inhibitors, post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) and post-retinoid sexual dysfunction (PRSD). METHODS: The original draft was designed using data from two published case series (Hogan et al., 2014 and Healy et al., 2018), which represent the largest public collections of data on these enduring conditions. It was further developed with the involvement of a multidisciplinary panel of experts. RESULTS: A set of criteria were agreed upon for each of the above conditions. Features of PSSD, PFS and PRSD commonly include decreased genital and orgasmic sensation, decreased sexual desire and erectile dysfunction. Ancillary non-sexual symptoms vary depending on the specific condition but can include emotional blunting and cognitive impairment. PGAD presents with an almost mirror image of unwanted sensations of genital arousal or irritability in the absence of sexual desire. A new term, post-SSRI asexuality, is introduced to describe a dampening of sexual interest and pleasure resulting from a pre-natal or pre-teen exposure to a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: These criteria will help in both clinical and research settings. As with all criteria, they will likely need modification in the light of developments.

Outcome of Voluntary vs Involuntary Admissions in Greece over 2 years after Discharge: A Cohort Study in the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica "Dafni".

The increasing rates of involuntary hospitalization constitute a major ethical issue in psychiatric practice. The present cohort study endeavours to investigate the relationship between patients' legal status (involuntary vs voluntary) and the outcome of their hospitalization, over 2 years after discharge. All individuals admitted in the 3rd Psychiatric Department of the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica during February 2015-February 2017 took part in the study. 64.7% of patients were compulsory admitted. Findings indicate a statistically significant improvement in global functioning and symptomatology levels from admission to discharge for all treated patients, independently of their legal status. However, readmission rates over 2 years after discharge were high (34.8% vs. 21.9% in voluntary and involuntary patients, respectively). In conclusion, psychiatric admission, irrespectively of legal status leads to clinical improvement.

Does the mental health system provide effective coverage to people with schizophrenic disorder? A self-controlled case series study in Italy.

PURPOSE: To measure indicators of timeliness and continuity of treatments on patients with schizophrenic disorder in 'real-life' practice, and to validate them through their relationship with relapse occurrences. METHODS: The target population was from four Italian regions overall covering 22 million beneficiaries of the NHS (37% of the entire Italian population). The cohort included 12,054 patients newly taken into care for schizophrenic disorder between January 2015 and June 2016. The self-controlled case series (SCCS) design was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio of relapse occurrences according to mental healthcare coverage. RESULTS: Poor timeliness (82% and 33% of cohort members had not yet started treatment with psychosocial interventions and antipsychotic drug therapy within the first year after they were taken into care) and continuity (27% and 23% of patients were persistent with psychosocial interventions, and antipsychotic drug therapy within the first 2 years after starting the specific treatment) were observed. According to SCCS design, 4794 relapses occurred during 9430 PY (with incidence rate of 50.8 every 100 PY). Compared with periods not covered by mental healthcare, those covered by psychosocial intervention alone, antipsychotic drugs alone and by psychosocial intervention and antipsychotic drugs together were, respectively, associated with relapse rate reductions of 28% (95% CI 4-46%), 24% (17-30%) and 44% (32-53%). CONCLUSION: Healthcare administrative data may contribute to monitor and to assess the effectiveness of a mental health system. Persistent use of both psychosocial intervention and antipsychotic drugs reduces risk of severe relapse.

Psychopathological effects of the Coronavirus (Sars-CoV-2) imposed lockdown on vulnerable patients in treatment in a mental health outpatient department for migrants and individuals in poor socioeconomic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The effects of Sars-Cov-2 pandemic may increase vulnerability of migrants. AIMS: To investigate the effects of the governmental lockdown on the mental health of vulnerable migrants in treatment at an outpatient department. METHOD: In a telephone survey post-migration living difficulties and psychopathological symptoms were investigated, particularly post-traumatic thoughts and nightmares, anxiety, depression, feelings of tension and irritability, other sleep problems, as well as COVID-19 related fears. Psychopathological changes during the lockdown were detected and rated by clinicians. Rates of treatment discontinuation and reasons why were also recorded. RESULTS: Of 103 eligible patients, 81 answered the phone call and were included in the study. Mental symptoms were frequent but not as severe as expected. About 32% of patients in psychopharmacological treatment and almost 52% of patients in psychotherapy had discontinued treatment. Patients who were globally considered to have worsened if compared to their pre-coronavirus mental health conditions had in fact higher scores on several mental symptoms but mild specific fears about coronavirus issues, similar to those of patients improved or stable. Worsening was significantly associated with unemployment, lack of VISA, and treatment discontinuation. Shifting the way of providing psychotherapy into a web-based modality was significantly more frequent in stable/improved patients. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that concrete life problems and treatment discontinuation more than the coronavirus fear, have predominantly affected the mental health conditions of our patients.

Air Pollution Relates to Airway Pathology in Children with Wheezing.

Rationale: Outdoor air pollution contributes to asthma development and exacerbations, yet its effects on airway pathology have not been defined in children. Objectives: To explore the possible link between air pollution and airway pathology, we retrospectively examined the relationship between environmental pollutants and pathological changes in bronchial biopsy specimens from children undergoing a clinically indicated bronchoscopy. Methods: Structural and inflammatory changes (basement membrane [BM] thickness, epithelial loss, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes) were quantified in biopsy specimens by using immunohistochemistry. The association between exposure to particulate matter less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), SO2 and NO2 and biopsy findings was evaluated by using a generalized additive model with Gamma family to allow for overdispersion, adjusted for atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wheezing. Results: Overall, 98 children were included (age 5.3 ± 2.9 yr; 53 with wheezing/45 without wheezing). BM thickness increased with prolonged exposure to PM10 (rate ratio [RR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.52), particularly in children with wheezing. Prolonged exposure to PM10 was also associated with eosinophilic inflammation in children with wheezing (RR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.35-7.39). Conversely, in children without wheezing, increased PM10 exposure was associated with a reduction of eosinophilic inflammation (RR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.6) and neutrophilic inflammation (RR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.89). Moreover, NO2 exposure was also linked to reductions in neutrophil infiltration (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.93) and eosinophil infiltration (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14-0.77). Conclusions: Different patterns of association were observed in children with wheezing and in children without wheezing. In children without wheezing, exposure to PM10 and NO2 was linked to reduced eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. Conversely, in children with wheezing, prolonged exposure to PM10 was associated with increased BM thickness and eosinophilic inflammation, suggesting that it might contribute to asthma development by promoting airway remodeling and inflammation.