The hypertension-based chronic disease model in a primary care setting.

Background: Driver-based chronic disease models address the public health challenge of cardiometabolic risk. However, there is no data available about the novel Hypertension-Based Chronic Disease (HBCD) model. This study investigates the prevalence, characteristics, and prognostic significance of HBCD Stages in a primary care cohort. Methods: This study included participants aged ≥45 years, randomly selected from the primary care program of a Brazilian medium-sized city. Participants underwent electrocardiogram, tissue Doppler echocardiogram and were followed for a median of 6 years. Participants were classified into HBCD Stages as follows: Stage 1: hypertension risk factors; Stage 2: pre-hypertension; Stage 3: hypertension; and Stage 4: hypertension complications. Results: Overall, 633 participants were included in the cross-sectional analysis and 560 that had follow-up data were included in the prognostic analysis. From 633 participants, 1.3% had no identifiable risk factors for HBCD, 10.0% were Stage 1, 14.7% Stage 2, 51.5% Stage 3, and 22.5% Stage 4. Increasing HBCD stages had worse glomerular filtration rates, echocardiographic markers, and higher body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose levels, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Rates of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization increased across HBCD Stages: Stage 1: 3.6%; Stage 2: 4.8%, Stage 3: 7.6%; and Stage 4: 39.5%. Kaplan-Meier curves showed composite outcome worsened across HBCD Stages 1-4 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: HBCD is a conceptually and prognostically valid model. Remarkably, HBCD stages were associated with progressively worsening markers of heart disease, declining kidney function and higher rates of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization.

Influenza Vaccination as Prevention Therapy for Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND: Influenza can cause a significant burden on patients with coronary artery disease. This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, MEDLINE, www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to September 2021. Estimates were summarized using the Mantel-Haenzel method and a random-effects model. To assess heterogeneity the I² statistic was used. RESULTS: Five randomized trials, comprising 4187 patients, were included, 2 of which included patients with acute coronary syndrome and 3 that included patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome. Influenza vaccination significantly reduced the risk for all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.84), cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.80), major acute cardiovascular events (RR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88), and acute coronary syndrome (RR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.89). On subgroup analysis, influenza vaccination remained effective for these outcomes in acute coronary syndrome but did not meet statistical significance in coronary artery disease. Furthermore, influenza vaccination did not reduce the risk for revascularization (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.54-1.45), stroke or transient ischemic attack (RR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.31-2.32), or heart failure hospitalization (RR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.21-4.00). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccine is a cheap and effective intervention to reduce the risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, major acute cardiovascular events, and acute coronary syndrome among coronary artery disease patients, especially in those with acute coronary syndrome.

Tecido Adiposo Epicárdico nos Fenótipos de Insuficiência Cardíaca - Uma Metanálise / Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Failure Phenotypes - A Meta-Analysis

Resumo Fundamento O tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) é aumentado em comorbidades comuns na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Dessa forma, o TAE teria o potencial de mediar efeitos que levam à deterioração da função cardíaca. Objetivos Esta metanálise tem o objetivo de investigar se a quantidade de TAE em todos os tipos de IC e cada tipo de IC são significativamente diferentes dos pacientes de controle. Métodos Esta metanálise seguiu as diretrizes da Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (Metanálise de estudos observacionais em epidemiologia). A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Embase e Lilacs até novembro de 2020. Dois autores realizaram a triagem, a extração de dados e a avaliação de qualidade. Um p-valor <0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos oito estudos observacionais, compreendendo 1248 pacientes no total, dos quais 574 eram de controle, 415 tinham IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) e 259 tinham IC com fração de ejeção de faixa média ou preservada (ICFEfm ou ICFEP). A quantidade de TAE não era diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle (DMP = -0,66, IC 95%: -1,54 a 0,23, p =0,14) . Analisando cada fenótipo de IC separadamente, pacientes com ICFER tinham TAE reduzido em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,27, IC 95%: - 1,87 a -0,67, p <0,0001), enquanto os pacientes com ICFEfm ou ICFEP tiveram TAE aumentado em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,24, IC 95%: 0,99 a 1,50, p <0,0001). Conclusão A quantidade de TAE não era significativamente diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle. Em pacientes com ICFER o volume de TAE era reduzido, enquanto em pacientes com ICFEP e ICFEfm, a quantidade de TAE era significativamente aumentada. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42019134441.

Abstract Background Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is increased in comorbidities common in heart failure (HF). In this sense, EAT could potentially mediate effects that lead to an impaired cardiac function. Objectives This meta-analysis aims to investigate if the amount of EAT in all-types of HF and each HF phenotype is significantly different from control patients. Methods This meta-analysis followed the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The search was performed in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Lilacs databases until November 2020. Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. Results Eight observational studies were included, comprehending 1,248 patients in total, from which 574 were controls, 415 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 259 had HF with mid-range or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF or HFpEF). The amount of EAT was not different between all types of HF and the control group (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.54 to 0.23, p =0.14). Analyzing each HF phenotype separately, patients with HFrEF had a reduced EAT when compared to the controls (SMD= -1.27, 95% CI: - 1.87 to -0.67, p <0.0001), while patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF showed an increased EAT when compared to controls (SMD= 1.24, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.50, p <0.0001). Conclusion The amount of EAT was not significantly different between all types of HF and the control group. In patients with HFrEF, the EAT volume was reduced, whereas in HFpEF and HFmrEF, the amount of EAT was significantly increased. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019134441.

Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Failure Phenotypes - A Meta-Analysis. / Tecido Adiposo Epicárdico nos Fenótipos de Insuficiência Cardíaca ­ Uma Metanálise.

BACKGROUND: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is increased in comorbidities common in heart failure (HF). In this sense, EAT could potentially mediate effects that lead to an impaired cardiac function. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis aims to investigate if the amount of EAT in all-types of HF and each HF phenotype is significantly different from control patients. METHODS: This meta-analysis followed the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The search was performed in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Lilacs databases until November 2020. Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS: Eight observational studies were included, comprehending 1,248 patients in total, from which 574 were controls, 415 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 259 had HF with mid-range or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF or HFpEF). The amount of EAT was not different between all types of HF and the control group (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.54 to 0.23, p =0.14). Analyzing each HF phenotype separately, patients with HFrEF had a reduced EAT when compared to the controls (SMD= -1.27, 95% CI: - 1.87 to -0.67, p <0.0001), while patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF showed an increased EAT when compared to controls (SMD= 1.24, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.50, p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: The amount of EAT was not significantly different between all types of HF and the control group. In patients with HFrEF, the EAT volume was reduced, whereas in HFpEF and HFmrEF, the amount of EAT was significantly increased. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019134441.

FUNDAMENTO: O tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) é aumentado em comorbidades comuns na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Dessa forma, o TAE teria o potencial de mediar efeitos que levam à deterioração da função cardíaca. OBJETIVOS: Esta metanálise tem o objetivo de investigar se a quantidade de TAE em todos os tipos de IC e cada tipo de IC são significativamente diferentes dos pacientes de controle. MÉTODOS: Esta metanálise seguiu as diretrizes da Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (Metanálise de estudos observacionais em epidemiologia). A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Embase e Lilacs até novembro de 2020. Dois autores realizaram a triagem, a extração de dados e a avaliação de qualidade. Um p-valor <0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos oito estudos observacionais, compreendendo 1248 pacientes no total, dos quais 574 eram de controle, 415 tinham IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) e 259 tinham IC com fração de ejeção de faixa média ou preservada (ICFEfm ou ICFEP). A quantidade de TAE não era diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle (DMP = -0,66, IC 95%: -1,54 a 0,23, p =0,14) . Analisando cada fenótipo de IC separadamente, pacientes com ICFER tinham TAE reduzido em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,27, IC 95%: - 1,87 a -0,67, p <0,0001), enquanto os pacientes com ICFEfm ou ICFEP tiveram TAE aumentado em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,24, IC 95%: 0,99 a 1,50, p <0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A quantidade de TAE não era significativamente diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle. Em pacientes com ICFER o volume de TAE era reduzido, enquanto em pacientes com ICFEP e ICFEfm, a quantidade de TAE era significativamente aumentada. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42019134441.

Characteristics and Temporal Trends in the Mortality of Different Heart Failure Phenotypes in Primary Care. / Características e Tendências na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fenótipos de Insuficiência Cardíaca na Atenção Primária.

BACKGROUND: The classification of heart failure (HF) by phenotypes has a great relevance in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes between HF phenotypes in the primary care setting. METHODS: This is an analysis of a cohort study including 560 individuals, aged ≥ 45 years, who were randomly selected in a primary care program. All participants underwent clinical evaluations, b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography in a single day. HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% was classified as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), LVEF 40% to 49% as HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and LVEF ≥ 50% as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). After 5 years, the patients were reassessed as to the occurrence of the composite outcome of death from any cause or hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Of the 560 patients included, 51 patients had HF (9.1%), 11 of whom had HFrEF (21.6%), 10 had HFmrEF (19.6%) and 30 had HFpEF (58.8%). HFmrEF was similar to HFpEF in BNP levels (p < 0.001), left ventricular mass index (p = 0.037), and left atrial volume index (p < 0.001). The HFmrEF phenotype was similar to HFrEF regarding coronary artery disease (p = 0.009). After 5 years, patients with HFmrEF had a better prognosis when compared to patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ICFEI was similar to that observed in previous studies. ICFEI presented characteristics similar to ICFEP in this study. Our data show that ICFEi had a better prognosis compared to the other two phenotypes.

FUNDAMENTO: A classificação da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) por fenótipos possui grande relevância na prática clínica. OBJETIVO: O estudo visou analisar a prevalência, as características clínicas e os desfechos entre os fenótipos de IC no contexto da atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma análise de um estudo de coorte que incluiu 560 indivíduos, com idade ≥ 45 anos, que foram selecionados aleatoriamente em um programa de atenção primária. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas, dosagem do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP), eletrocardiograma e ecocardiografia em um único dia. A IC com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) < 40% foi classificado como IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), FEVE de 40% a 49% como IC com fração de ejeção intermediária (ICFEi) e FEVE ≥ 50% como IC com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Após 5 anos, os pacientes foram reavaliados quanto à ocorrência do desfecho composto de óbito por qualquer causa ou internação por doença cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: Dos 560 pacientes incluídos, 51 pacientes tinham IC (9,1%), 11 dos quais tinham ICFEr (21,6%), 10 tinham ICFEi (19,6%) e 30 tinham ICFEp (58,8%). A ICFEi foi semelhante à ICFEp nos níveis de BNP (p < 0,001), índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (p = 0,037) e índice de volume do átrio esquerdo (p < 0,001). O fenótipo de ICFEi foi semelhante ao de ICFEr em relação à doença arterial coronariana (p = 0,009). Após 5 anos, os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram melhor prognóstico quando comparados aos pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de ICFEI foi semelhante ao observado em estudos anteriores. A ICFEI apresentou características semelhantes a ICFEP neste estudo. Nossos dados mostram que a ICFEi teve melhor prognóstico em comparação com os outros dois fenótipos.

Características e tendências na mortalidade em diferentes fenótipos de insuficiência cardíaca na atenção primária / Characteristics and temporal trends in the mortality of different heart failure phenotypes in primary care

Resumo Fundamento: A classificação da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) por fenótipos possui grande relevância na prática clínica. Objetivo: O estudo visou analisar a prevalência, as características clínicas e os desfechos entre os fenótipos de IC no contexto da atenção primária. Métodos: Trata-se de uma análise de um estudo de coorte que incluiu 560 indivíduos, com idade ≥ 45 anos, que foram selecionados aleatoriamente em um programa de atenção primária. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas, dosagem do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP), eletrocardiograma e ecocardiografia em um único dia. A IC com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) < 40% foi classificado como IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr), FEVE de 40% a 49% como IC com fração de ejeção intermediária (ICFEi) e FEVE ≥ 50% como IC com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Após 5 anos, os pacientes foram reavaliados quanto à ocorrência do desfecho composto de óbito por qualquer causa ou internação por doença cardiovascular. Resultados: Dos 560 pacientes incluídos, 51 pacientes tinham IC (9,1%), 11 dos quais tinham ICFEr (21,6%), 10 tinham ICFEi (19,6%) e 30 tinham ICFEp (58,8%). A ICFEi foi semelhante à ICFEp nos níveis de BNP (p < 0,001), índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (p = 0,037) e índice de volume do átrio esquerdo (p < 0,001). O fenótipo de ICFEi foi semelhante ao de ICFEr em relação à doença arterial coronariana (p = 0,009). Após 5 anos, os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram melhor prognóstico quando comparados aos pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A prevalência de ICFEI foi semelhante ao observado em estudos anteriores. A ICFEI apresentou características semelhantes a ICFEP neste estudo. Nossos dados mostram que a ICFEi teve melhor prognóstico em comparação com os outros dois fenótipos.

Abstract Background: The classification of heart failure (HF) by phenotypes has a great relevance in clinical practice. Objective: The study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes between HF phenotypes in the primary care setting. Methods: This is an analysis of a cohort study including 560 individuals, aged ≥ 45 years, who were randomly selected in a primary care program. All participants underwent clinical evaluations, b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography in a single day. HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% was classified as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), LVEF 40% to 49% as HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and LVEF ≥ 50% as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). After 5 years, the patients were reassessed as to the occurrence of the composite outcome of death from any cause or hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. Results: Of the 560 patients included, 51 patients had HF (9.1%), 11 of whom had HFrEF (21.6%), 10 had HFmrEF (19.6%) and 30 had HFpEF (58.8%). HFmrEF was similar to HFpEF in BNP levels (p < 0.001), left ventricular mass index (p = 0.037), and left atrial volume index (p < 0.001). The HFmrEF phenotype was similar to HFrEF regarding coronary artery disease (p = 0.009). After 5 years, patients with HFmrEF had a better prognosis when compared to patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of ICFEI was similar to that observed in previous studies. ICFEI presented characteristics similar to ICFEP in this study. Our data show that ICFEi had a better prognosis compared to the other two phenotypes.

Extent of Left Atrial Ablation Lesions and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / A Extensão das Lesões de Ablação no Átrio Esquerdo e a Recorrência de Fibrilação Atrial após Ablação por Cateter - Uma Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to induce atrial remodeling, which promotes fibrosis related to arrhythmogenesis. Accordingly, since scars induced by catheter ablation (CA) can reduce unablated fibrotic areas, greater extent of left atrial (LA) scarring may be associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Objectives: This study aims to investigate, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the amount of LA scarring, seen on late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Methods: The recommendations of the MOOSE guideline were followed. Database search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (comentário 1) until January 2019 (comentário 2). Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. All studies were graded as good quality. A funnel plot was generated, showing no publication bias. Statistical significance was defined as p value < 0.05. Results: Eight observational studies were included in the systematic review, four of which were included in the meta-analysis. Six of the eight studies included in the systematic review showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Meta-analysis showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI 0.27 - 0.76; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Greater extension of LA scarring is possibly associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Randomized studies that explore ablation methods based on this association are fundamental.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é conhecida por induzir o remodelamento atrial, que promove fibrose, provocando, por sua vez, mais arritmogênese. Dessa forma, visto que as cicatrizes induzidas pela ablação por cateter (AC) podem reduzir as áreas fibróticas, uma maior extensão de cicatrizes do átrio esquerdo (AE) pode estar associada a uma menor recorrência da FA após AC. Objetivos: Por meio de revisão sistemática e metanálise, o presente estudo visa investigar se a extensão total de cicatriz do AE, visualizada na ressonância magnética com realce tardio de gadolínio após a ablação, está associada a uma menor recorrência de FA após AC. Métodos: Foram seguidas as recomendações das diretrizes MOOSE. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials até Janeiro de 2019. Dois autores realizaram triagem, extração de dados e avaliação da qualidade dos estudos. Em relação à qualidade, todos os estudos foram classificados como bons. Foi gerado um gráfico de funil, o qual não mostrou viés de publicação. Foi adotado nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados: Oito estudos observacionais foram incluídos na revisão sistemática, dos quais quatro foram incluídos na metanálise. Dos oito estudos incluídos na revisão, seis mostraram que maior extensão de cicatrização do AE está associada a uma menor recorrência de FA após AC. A metanálise também demonstrou que maior extensão de cicatrização do AE está associada a uma menor recorrência de FA (SMD = 0,52; IC 95% 0,27 - 0,76; p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Uma maior extensão de cicatrização do AE está possivelmente associada a uma menor recorrência de FA após AC. Estudos randomizados que explorem métodos de ablação baseados nessa associação são fundamentais.

Extent of Left Atrial Ablation Lesions and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to induce atrial remodeling, which promotes fibrosis related to arrhythmogenesis. Accordingly, since scars induced by catheter ablation (CA) can reduce unablated fibrotic areas, greater extent of left atrial (LA) scarring may be associated with less AF recurrence after CA. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the amount of LA scarring, seen on late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with less AF recurrence after CA. METHODS: The recommendations of the MOOSE guideline were followed. Database search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (comentário 1) until January 2019 (comentário 2). Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. All studies were graded as good quality. A funnel plot was generated, showing no publication bias. Statistical significance was defined as p value < 0.05. RESULTS: Eight observational studies were included in the systematic review, four of which were included in the meta-analysis. Six of the eight studies included in the systematic review showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Meta-analysis showed that greater extension of LA scarring is associated with less AF recurrence (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI 0.27 - 0.76; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Greater extension of LA scarring is possibly associated with less AF recurrence after CA. Randomized studies that explore ablation methods based on this association are fundamental.

Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction - State of the Art.

In 2016, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recognized heart failure (HF) with ejection fraction between 40 and 49% as a new HF phenotype, HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), with the main purpose of encouraging studies on this new category. In 2018, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology adhered to this classification and introduced HFmrEF in Brazil. This paper presents a narrative review of what the literature has described about HFmrEF. The prevalence of patients with HFmrEF ranged from 13 to 24% of patients with HF. Analyzing the clinical characteristics, HFmrEF shows intermediate characteristics or is either similar to HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or to HF with reduced fraction (HFrEF). Regarding the prognosis, HFmrEF's all-cause mortality is similar to HFpEF's and lower than HFrEF's. Studies that analyzed cardiac mortality concluded that there was no significant difference between HFmrEF and HFrEF, both of which were lower than HFpEF. Despite the significant increase of publications on HFmrEF, there is a great scarcity of prospective studies and clinical trials that allow delineating specific therapies for this new phenotype. To better treat HFmrEF patients, it is fundamental that cardiologists and internists understand the differences and similarities of this new phenotype.

Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction - State of the Art / Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Intermediária - Estado da Arte

Abstract In 2016, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recognized heart failure (HF) with ejection fraction between 40 and 49% as a new HF phenotype, HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), with the main purpose of encouraging studies on this new category. In 2018, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology adhered to this classification and introduced HFmrEF in Brazil. This paper presents a narrative review of what the literature has described about HFmrEF. The prevalence of patients with HFmrEF ranged from 13 to 24% of patients with HF. Analyzing the clinical characteristics, HFmrEF shows intermediate characteristics or is either similar to HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or to HF with reduced fraction (HFrEF). Regarding the prognosis, HFmrEF's all-cause mortality is similar to HFpEF's and lower than HFrEF's. Studies that analyzed cardiac mortality concluded that there was no significant difference between HFmrEF and HFrEF, both of which were lower than HFpEF. Despite the significant increase of publications on HFmrEF, there is a great scarcity of prospective studies and clinical trials that allow delineating specific therapies for this new phenotype. To better treat HFmrEF patients, it is fundamental that cardiologists and internists understand the differences and similarities of this new phenotype.

Resumo Em 2016, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) reconheceu a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo entre 40% e 49% como um novo fenótipo de IC, a IC com fração de ejeção intermediária (ICFEI), tendo como principal intuito, incentivar estudos sobre essa nova categoria. Em 2018, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia aderiu a essa classificação e introduziu a ICFEI no Brasil. O presente trabalho traz uma revisão narrativa sobre o que a literatura descreve até o momento sobre ICFEI. A prevalência de pacientes com ICFEI variou de 13-24% dos pacientes com IC. Quando avaliadas as características clínicas, a ICFEI apresenta um caráter intermediário ou se assemelha algumas vezes com a IC de fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) e outras com a IC de fração reduzida (ICFER). Quanto ao prognóstico, a ICFEI apresenta mortalidade por todas as causas semelhante a ICFEP e menor que a ICFER. Os estudos que analisaram a mortalidade por causa cardíaca concluíram que não houve diferença significativa entre ICFEI e ICFER, sendo ambas menores que a ICFEP. Apesar do considerável aumento de publicações sobre a ICFEI, ainda existe uma grande carência de estudos prospectivos e ensaios clínicos que possibilitem delinear terapias específicas para esse novo fenótipo. O conhecimento das particularidades da ICFEI por cardiologistas e internistas é fundamental para o melhor manejo desses pacientes.