Colombian Ocular Diseases Epidemiology Study (CODES): Prevalence Incidence, and Sociodemographic Characterization of Vision Impairment (2015-2019), A Nationwide Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence, incidence, and sociodemographic characterization of moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI) and blindness in Colombia based on the National Health Registry Integrated Social Protection Information System (SISPRO) Database. METHODS: We performed a nationwide population-based study using SISPRO and the International Classification of Diseases. Total and new cases were identified to calculate the prevalence and incidence per 100,000 inhabitants of MSVI and blindness between 2015 and 2019. Blindness was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of less than 20/400 in the better-seeing eye. Meanwhile, MSVI is a BCVA from 20/70 to equal or better than 20/400 in the better-seeing eye. An ANOVA test was performed to identify age differences. A conditional autoregressive model was also employed to depict standardized morbidity rate maps. RESULTS: From the 50 million inhabitants, the average prevalence and incidence of MSVI were 13.94 and 13.34 between 2015 and 2019, respectively, while for blindness, they were 4.03 and 3.53. Females accounted for most reported cases, and there was a notable shift towards individuals over 50 years (p < 0.001). Valle del Cauca was the region with the most cases reported and the greatest disease burden. CONCLUSION: This is the first nationwide population-based study describing the prevalence, incidence, and sociodemographic characterization of blindness and MSVI in Colombia. In recent years, there has been an increased number of cases, prevalence, and incidence, with females over 50 particularly affected. This research provides insight into the country's vision impairment epidemiology landscape and contributes to formulating public health policies to improve eye health care.

Uveitis and Dry Eye Disease in Children: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the ocular surface characteristics in children diagnosed with uveitis and explore the association between uveitis and dry eye disease (DED). METHODS: We included 84 children, 42 with uveitis and 42 healthy children. We performed the OSDI questionnaire and several ocular surface tests, including osmolarity, NITBUT, Schirmer test, and vital staining. We used Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney to compare variables and a binomial logistic regression to determine the factors associated with DED. RESULTS: The difference in the prevalence of DED between uveitis (54.8%) and healthy (31%) groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Most patients with uveitis had mixed DED, and none of the healthy subjects had a severe form of the disease. There were no statistically significant differences in most of the tear film tests. However, all parameters tended to worsen in the uveitis group, and lipid layer thickness was thinner (p < 0.036). The uveitis group exhibited significantly more symptoms (p < 0.05). In the multivariate logistic regression, uveitis was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.0 (95% CI: 1.07-8.42, p < 0.05) for DED. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate a significantly higher prevalence of DED in children with uveitis compared to their healthy counterparts. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the risk of DED in pediatric patients with uveitis is threefold higher than in healthy children. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to vigilantly monitor the development of DED in pediatric patients with uveitis and consider the implementation of preventive treatments.

De Novo Uveitis in the Colombian Elderly Population: Characteristics and Comparison with Patients Under 60 Years of Age.

PURPOSE: To describe the differences between de novo uveitis in elderly patients (≥60 years of age) and younger patients (< 60 years of age) in Colombia. METHODS: Observational, analytic, cross-sectional study. RESULTS: In the elderly group, idiopathic was the most common type of uveitis, followed by immune-mediated and infectious uveitis.No masquerade syndromes were diagnosed. Elderly patients had worse average visual acuities than young. Significant differences between both groups were observed in corneal edema, macular edema, cataract, glaucoma, and epiretinal membrane. Additionally, there were differences in the drugs used, such as topical hypotensive drugs, ocular lubricants, topical steroids, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and adalimumab. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated significant differences between elderly and young Colombian patients with de novo uveitis. The ophthalmologists should be aware of these patterns of presentation, which would help reach an adequate diagnosis and prevent complications based on the characteristics of each group.

A new look into uveitis in Colombia: changes in distribution patterns and clinical characteristics over the last 25 years.

PURPOSE: To describe the distribution patterns and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with uveitis at a specialized uveitis center in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2013 to 2021 and compare these patterns with the previously reported between 1996 and 2006. METHODS: We performed an observational descriptive cross-sectional study systematically reviewing clinical records of patients attending between 2013 and 2021. Data were analyzed and compared with previous reports. RESULTS: Of the 489 patients with uveitis, 310 were females (63.4%). The mean age of onset was 38.7, with a range between 1 and 83 years. Bilateral (52.8%), anterior (45.8%), non-granulomatous (90.8%), and recurrent (47.6%) were the most common types of uveitis found in our population sample. The most common cause of uveitis in this study was idiopathic, followed by toxoplasmosis and HLA-B27 + associated uveitis, which differs from the previous Colombian study where ocular toxoplasmosis was the most frequent cause. This highlights a significant shift from infectious etiologies to more immune-mediated processes as the cause of uveitis in Colombia nowadays. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide a comparison between the clinical patterns of presentation of uveitis from 1996 to 2006 and the patterns observed from 2013 to 2021, enhancing awareness about the changing dynamics of uveitis in Colombia to guide a better understanding of the diagnosis, classification, and correlation with other systemic conditions of the disease.

Colombian ocular infectious epidemiology study (COIES): presumed ocular tuberculosis incidence and sociodemographic characterization, 2015-2020.

PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the incidence and geographical distribution of presumed ocular tuberculosis (POTB) in Colombia between 2015 and 2020 based on the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection data. METHODS: We conducted a claims-based study using the Integrated Social Protection Information System database from the Colombian Ministry of Health. We used the specific code of the International Classification of Diseases for Ocular Tuberculosis (A18.5) and tuberculosis from 2015 to 2020 to estimate the incidence and the demographic status of the disease in Colombia. We used STROBE guidelines. RESULTS: During the 6 years of study, the crude unadjusted incidence was 0.2 new cases of POTB in one million consulting patients and 55 new cases of POTB in 100,000 patients with TB showing a decreasing pattern of the disease. From the 28 new cases, the mean age of presentation was 41.4 years (SD ± 25.3) with a female predominance (60.7% of the cases). Distribution by age shows a higher proportion of cases in groups 15-19 (14%), 20-24 (11%), 55-59 (11%), and 60-64 (11%) years of age. The geographic analysis showed a higher number of cases in Andean region, followed by the Caribbean and Pacific regions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that determines the incidence of POTB in a developing country from Latin America. POTB incidence in Colombia is lower than the reported worldwide. It could be attributed to a low burden of Tuberculosis in Colombia, underdiagnosis, and a low rate of immigration from countries with a high burden of TB.