Descripción anatómica de la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico de león (Panthera leo) / Anatomical description of the intrinsic muscle of thoracic limb of lion (Panthera leo)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo el describir la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico del león africano (Panthera leo). Para tal efecto se utilizó un ejemplar hembra, donado por el Zoológico Metropolitano de Santiago-Chile, fijado y conservado. La disección se llevó a cabo, de proximal a distal, considerando las cuatro regiones topográficas de dicho miembro: Cintura Escapular, Brazo, Antebrazo y Mano. Se discuten y comparan los hallazgos anatómicos observados, con lo descrito para el gato doméstico y trabajos realizados por otros autores en Ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), Puma (Puma concolor) y en la propia especie en estudio. La finalidad del presente trabajo fue aportar al conocimiento de la anatomía de especies exóticas, con proyección médico quirúrgica.

The objective of this study was to describe the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb of the African lion (Panthera leo). For this purpose a fixed and preserved female specimen donated by the Metropolitan Zoo in Santiago, Chile, was used. The dissection was carried out, from proximal to distal, considering the four topographical regions of that limb: Scapular girdle, arm, forearm and hand. Anatomical findings observed are discusses and compared to those described for the domestic cat and works by other authors in ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), puma (Puma concolor) and the species under study. The purpose of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the anatomy of this exotic species, with medical and surgical projections.

[Febrile neutropenia in children with cancer in a medical center of Santiago, Chile]. / Neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer en un centro asistencial en Santiago, Chile.

Febrile neutropenia in cancer patients is a common complication associated to chemotherapy and can be the first manifestation of a potentially lethal infection. In order to adapt our clinical practice to national clinical guidelines, we performed a retrospective review of clinical charts of all children admitted to the Pediatric Unit of Clinica Davila, from May 1, 2003 to December 31, 2004, with cancer, fever and neutropenia. A total of 57 febrile neutropenic episodes occurred in 25 children and in 44% (25/57) of them an infectious focus could be identified; respiratory infections were the most common (11/25). A microorganism could be identified in 16/57 (x%) of episodes, e.g. 12 recovered from blood cultures (42% coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 17% group viridans Streptococci, 17% Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp, Candida albicans y Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8% each one), 3 from a catheter (coagulase negative Staphylococci) and 1 from a bronchoalveolar lavage (Pneumocystis jiroveci). At admission, 63% of children received treatment with 2 antibiotics, mostly ceftazidime and amikacin (39%) and 21% received vancomycin. In 37% of patients therapy required adjustment due to a poor response. Fifty six episodes had a favorable resolution with one patient diying of septic shock. Frequency of microorganism detection, the distribution of species recovered and the favorable resolution are comparable to that reported from industrialized countries.

Neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer en un centro asistencial en Santiago, Chile / Febrile neutropenia in children with cancer in a medical center of Santiago, Chile

La neutropenia febril (NF) en pacientes oncológicos es una complicación frecuente de la quimioterapia y primera manifestación de una infección potencialmente letal. Con el propósito de adecuar nuestra práctica médica a las guías clínicas vigentes en Chile, revisamos la experiencia de la Unidad de Pediatría, Clínica Dávila, entre mayo 1°, de 2003 y diciembre 31, de 2004. Se analizaron 57 episodios (25 pacientes); se encontró foco infeccioso en 44 por ciento (25/57) siendo respiratorio en 11/25. Se identificó el agente infeccioso en 28 por ciento (16/57): 12 cepas desde sangre (42 por ciento Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa, 17 por ciento Streptococcus grupo viridans, 17 por ciento Escherichia coli y Enterococcus sp, Candida albicans y Pseudomonas aeruginosa en 8 por ciento cada uno), 3 de cultivos de catéter (S. coagulasa negativa) y 1 en lavado bronquioalveolar (Pneumocystis jiroveci). Al ingreso, 63 por ciento recibió tratamiento con 2 antibacterianos, de preferencia ceftazidima y amikacina (39 por ciento), en 21 por ciento se utilizó vancomicina. Por falta de respuesta, en 37 por ciento de los pacientes se cambió la terapia. Cincuenta y seis episodios tuvieron una evolución favorable y un paciente falleció por shock séptico. La proporción de episodios con causa infecciosa documentada, los microorganismos aislados y la resolución favorable de esta grave complicación en pacientes oncológicos demuestran un nivel de diagnóstico y manejo comparable con países industrializados.

Febrile neutropenia in cancer patients is a common complication associated to chemotherapy and can be the first manifestation of a potentially lethal infection. In order to adapt our clinical practice to national clinical guidelines, we performed a retrospective review of clinical charts of all children admitted to the Pediatric Unit of Clinica Davila, from May 1, 2003 to December 31, 2004, with cancer, fever and neutropenia. A total of 57 febrile neutropenic episodes occurred in 25 children and in 44 percent (25/57) of them an infectious focus could be identified; respiratory infections were the most common (11/25). A microorganism could be identified in 16/57 (x percent) of episodes, e.g. 12 recovered from blood cultures (42 percent coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 17 percent group viridans Streptococci, 17 percent Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp, Candida albicans y Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8 percent each one), 3 from a catheter (coagulase negative Staphylococci) and 1 from a bronchoalveolar lavage (Pneumocystis jiroveci). At admission, 63 percent of children received treatment with 2 antibiotics, mostly ceftazidime and amikacin (39 percent) and 21 percent received vancomycin. In 37 percent of patients therapy required adjustment due to a poor response. Fifty six episodes had a favorable resolution with one patient diying of septic shock. Frequency of microorganism detection, the distribution of species recovered and the favorable resolution are comparable to that reported from industrialized countries.

EEG and behavioral changes following neurofeedback treatment in learning disabled children.

Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning procedure, by which the subject learns to control his/her EEG activity. On one hand, Learning Disabled (LD) children have higher values of theta EEG absolute and relative power than normal children, and on the other hand, it has been shown that minimum alpha absolute power is necessary for adequate performance. Ten LD children were selected with higher than normal ratios of theta to alpha absolute power (theta/alpha). The Test Of Variables of Attention (TOVA) was applied. Children were divided into two groups in order to maintain similar IQ values, TOVA values, socioeconomical status, and gender for each group. In the experimental group, NFB was applied in the region with highest ratio, triggering a sound each time the ratio fell below a threshold value. Noncontingent reinforcement was given to the other group. Twenty half-hour sessions were applied, at a rate of 2 per week. At the end of the 20 sessions, TOVA, WISC and EEG were obtained. There was significant improvement in WISC performance in the experimental group that was not observed in the control group. EEG absolute power decreased in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands in the experimental group. Control children only showed a decrease in relative power in the delta band. All changes observed in the experimental group and not observed in the control group indicate better cognitive performance and the presence of greater EEG maturation in the experimental group, which suggests that changes were due not only to development but also to NFB treatment.

Rippling muscle disease: evidence for phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity.

We describe the clinical features of a family with rippling muscle disease. Muscle stiffness and myalgia were the most prominent symptoms. Muscle rippling, although distinctive, was present in only 6 of the 11 affected family members, whereas persistent muscle contraction to muscle percussion was present in all affected adults. Although this persistent contraction resembled percussion myotonia, it was electrically silent and is therefore more aptly called "percussion contracture." We also observed two clinical features not emphasized in previously reported kindreds: mild but asymptomatic weakness of face or proximal muscles was present in 5 of 11 affected members, and 5 individuals also complained of toe walking after a prolonged period of inactivity, reflecting the disproportionate involvement of the calf muscles. The pedigree suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. Our linkage analysis excluded the region on chromosome 1q identified in a previous linkage study.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler to budesonide Turbuhaler.

Mometasone furoate (MF) administered by dry powder inhaler (DPI) was composed with budesonide (BUD) Turbuhaler in the treatment of moderate persistent asthma. The patients were randomized to one of four treatment groups: MF DPI (100, 200, 400 microg b.i.d) or BUD Turbuhaler. 400 microg b.i.d in a 12-week, active-controlled, evaluator-blind, multicentre international trial. The primary efficacy variable was the mean change from baseline to endpoint (last treatment visit) in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Changes in FEV1 showed a statistically significant superiority (p<0.05) of MF DPI 200 and 400 microg b.i.d compared with the BUD Turbuhaler 400 microg b.i.d treatment. Significant superiority (p<0.05) was also seen in scores for several secondary efficacy variables when MF DPI was compared with BUD Turbuhaler treatment. MF DPI 200 microg b.i.d was comparable to MF DPI 400 microg b.i.d in therapeutic benefit. The incidence of oral candidiasis was no more than 3% in any group. All treatments were well tolerated. A total daily dose of 400 microg of mometasone furoate administered by dry powder inhaler provides a well-tolerated treatment for patients with moderate persistent asthma and results in a significantly greater improvement, when compared to a daily dose of 800 microg BUD Turbuhaler in the parameters measured in this study.

Enfermedad de Kawasaki / Kawasaki's disease

Describimos un caso de enfermedad de Kawasaki en una niña de un año y cinco meses, que presentó las características manifestaciones bucales, cutáneas y sistémicas de esta entidad poco conocida para el dentista, debido a su poca frecuencia, pero que por las secuelas que puede ocasionar en el corazón, e incluso la mortalidad que se ha observado, exige que el odontólogo la reconozca oportunamente