Efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A limited number of drugs are used as standard or alternative therapies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). No specific recommendations are available for patients failing to respond to these therapies. We analyzed the efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with AIH. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective study of 42 patients with AIH who received infliximab at 21 liver centers in 12 countries. Patients were categorized according to the reason for infliximab therapy. Patients in group 1 (n=20) had failed standard, second-line (mycophenolate mofetil and 6-mercaptopurine) or third-line (tacrolimus or cyclosporine) therapy. In group 2 (n=22), infliximab was given for treatment of concomitant extrahepatic autoimmune diseases. Patients received a median of 17 (range: 3-104) infliximab infusions. Complete biochemical response (CR) was achieved or maintained in 33 (78%) patients during infliximab therapy. In group 1, infliximab induced CR in 11 of 20 (55%) patients. In group 2, 16 patients with CR prior to infliximab maintained remission, and the remaining 6 patients with active AIH (5 on standard and 1 on both second-line and third-line therapy) showed CR following infliximab therapy. Infliximab led to CR in 75% (6/8) of nonresponders to second-line and in 46% (6/13) of failing third-line therapy. Overall, 65% (17/26) of the patients with active AIH achieved CR on infliximab. Infliximab was discontinued in 3 patients of group 1. One patient had a severe allergic reaction and 2 developed anti-infliximab autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that infliximab may be an effective and safe rescue therapy in AIH.

Prevalence of Pancreatic Steatosis and Its Associated Factors in Turkey: A Nation-Wide Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS:  Pancreatic steatosis (PS) is a pathology associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), endocrin and exocrine disfunctions of the pancreas, and fatty liver. The data on the frequency of PS are very limited. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of PS detected by transabdominal ultrasonography (TAU) in gastroenterology clinics located in different geographical regions of Turkey and the factors associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Volunteers were evaluated by TAU for PS and hepatosteatosis (HS), and its degree. Pancreatic stiffness was evaluated by ultrasonographic shear wave elastography (SWE). All demographic, physical, and biochemical parametres were measured. RESULTS:  A total of 1700 volunteers from 14 centers throughout Turkey were included in the study. Mean age was 48.03 ± 20.86 years (56.9% female). Prevalance of PS was detected in 68.9%. In the PS group, age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid levels, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, MS frequency, and pancreatic SWE score were increasing, and fecal elastase level was decreasing in correlation with the degree of PS. The frequency of HS was 55.5%. Hepatosteatosis [odds ratio (OR): 9.472], increased age (OR: 1.02), and BMI (OR: 1.089) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of PS. Lean-PS rate was 11.8%. The lean-PS group was predominantly female and younger than non-lean PS. Also it has lower blood pressure, FBG, liver enzymes, lipid levels, and HS rates. CONCLUSION:  The frequency of PS was found 68.9% in Turkey. Its relationship was determined with age, BMI, HS, MS (and its components), pancreatic stiffness, and fecal elastase level.

Acute pancreatitis in Turkey: Results of a nationwide multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most common gastrointestinal disease requiring hospitalization, with significant mortality and morbidity. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of AP and physicians' compliance with international guidelines during its management. METHODS: All patients with AP who were hospitalized at 17 tertiary centers in Turkey between April and October 2022 were evaluated in a prospective cohort study. Patients with insufficient data, COVID-19 and those aged below 18 years were excluded. The definitions were based on the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria. RESULTS: The study included 2144 patients (median age:58, 52 % female). The most common etiologies were biliary (n = 1438, 67.1 %), idiopathic (n = 259, 12 %), hypertriglyceridemia (n = 128, 6 %) and alcohol (n = 90, 4.2 %). Disease severity was mild in 1567 (73.1 %), moderate in 521 (24.3 %), and severe in 58 (2.6 %) patients. Morphology was necrotizing in 4.7 % of the patients. The overall mortality rate was 1.6 %. PASS and BISAP had the highest accuracy in predicting severe pancreatitis on admission (AUC:0.85 and 0.81, respectively). CT was performed in 61 % of the patients, with the majority (90 %) being within 72 h after admission. Prophylactic NSAIDs were not administered in 44 % of the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis (n = 86). Antibiotics were administered to 53.7 % of the patients, and 38 % of those received them prophylactically. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study provides an extensive report on clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of AP in real-world practice. Mortality remains high in severe cases and physicians' adherence to guidelines during management of the disease needs improvement in some aspects.

The efficacy and tolerability of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir treatment in a real-world chronic hepatitis C patients cohort.

Background and Aim: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the real-life efficacy and tolerability of glecaprevir (GLE)/pibrentasvir (PIB) in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Materials and Methods: Between May 2019 and May 2022, 686 patients with CHC, treated with GLE/PIB combination from 21 participating centers in Turkiye, were enrolled in the study. Results: All patients were Caucasian, and their median age was 56 years. At the start of GLE/PIB treatment, the median serum Hepatitis C virus RNA and serum alanine amino transaminase (ALT) levels were 6.74 log10 IU/mL and 47 U/L, respectively. Fifty-three percent of the patients were infected with genotype 1b, followed by genotype 3 (17%). Diabetes was the more common concomitant disease. The sustained virological response (SVR12) was 91.4% with intent-to-treat analysis and 98.5% with per protocol analysis. The SVR12 rates were statistically significant differences between the patients who were i.v. drug users and non-user (88.0% vs. 98.8%, p=0.025). From the baseline to SVR12, the serum ALT levels and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score were significantly improved (p<0.001 and p=0.014, respectively). No severe adverse effect was observed. Conclusion: GLE/PIB is an effective and tolerable treatment in patients with CHC.

Vascular changes in macula, optic disc, and choroid in Wilson's disease: A cross-sectional optical coherence tomography angiography study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in the retinal and optic disc (OD) microcirculation in patients with Wilson's disease (WD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional comparative study included 35 eyes of 35 WD patients (study group) and 36 eyes of 36 healthy participants (control group). The patients with WD were divided into subgroups based on the presence of Kayser-Fleischer rings. All the participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including OCTA. RESULTS: The inferior perifoveal deep capillary plexus vessel density (DCP-VD), inferior radial peripapillary capillary vessel density (RPC-VD), and inferior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PPRNFL) thickness were significantly lower in the WD group than in the healthy participants (p=0.041, p=0.043, and p=0.045, respectively). In addition, in the subgroup analysis, the superior RPC-VD and inferior PPRNFL were significantly lower in the subgroup with Kayser-Fleischer rings (p=0.013 and p=0.041, respectively). CONCLUSION: We showed there to be changes in certain OCTA parameters in WD patients when compared with healthy controls. Thus, we hypothesized that OCTA could detect any retinal microvascular changes in WD patients without clinical evidence of retinal or OD involvement.

Evaluation of fibrosis with noninvasive biochemical tests in chronic viral hepatitis B.

Background and Aim: Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) disease are important for the prevention of complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Liver biopsy is an invasive, complicated, and expensive diagnostic method, which is the gold standard for detecting fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these tests in predicting liver fibrosis and treatment decision. Materials and Methods: A total of 1051 patients diagnosed with CHB between 2010 and 2020 in the Gaziantep University Gastroenterology Department were retrospectively evaluated. AAR, API, APRI, FIB-4, KING score, and FIBROQ score were calculated at the time of onset diagnosis. In addition, the Zeugma score, a new formula that is thought to be more sensitive and specific, was determined. Noninvasive fibrosis scores were compared according to the biopsy results of the patients. Results: In this study, the area values under the curve were 0.648 for the API score, 0.711 for the APRI score, 0.716 for the FIB-4 score, 0.723 for the KING score, 0.595 for the FIBROQ score, and 0.701 for the Zeugma score (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was obtained for the AAR score. The KING, FIB-4, APRI, and Zeugma scores were the best indicators for detecting advanced fibrosis. For KING, FIB-4, APRI, and Zeugma scores, the cutoff value for the prediction of advanced fibrosis were ≥8.67, ≥0.94, ≥16.24, and ≥9.63 with a sensitivity of 50.52%, 56.77%, 59.64%, and 52.34%, specificity of 87.26%, 74.96%, 73.61%, and 78.11%, respectively (p<0.05). In our study, we compared the globulin and GGT parameters with fibrosis, which we used in the Zeugma score formula. Globulin and GGT mean values were significantly higher in the fibrosis group (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between fibrosis and globulin and GGT values (p<0.05, r=0.230 and p<0.05, r=0.305, respectively). Conclusion: The KING score was found to be the most reliable method for the noninvasive detection of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV. The FIB-4, APRI, and Zeugma scores were also shown to be effective in determining liver fibrosis. It was shown that the AAR score was not sufficient for detecting hepatic fibrosis. The Zeugma score, a novel noninvasive test, is a useful and easy tool to evaluate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV and has better accuracy than AAR, API, and FIBROQ.

Similarities and Differences Between Gerontal and Young Patients with Acute Pancreatitis: Evaluation of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is an abrupt inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas and it can occur in different severities. It is becoming more common and more mortal in the gerontal population. The aim of our study was to explore the similarities and differences between young and gerontal patients with acute pancreatitis, with a special emphasis on patients over 80 years of age. METHODS: Medical records of patients (n = 1150) with acute pancreatitis were analyzed retrospectively. Several scoring systems including Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis, Ranson's score, Harmless acute pancreatitis score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Balthazar Grade, Glasgow score, and Japanese severity score were applied at admission. Patients were divided into 3 groups; group I, young group (n = 706), if they were aged <65 years; group II, older group (n = 338), if they were aged ≥65 years to <80 years; group III, octogenarian group (n = 106), if they were aged ≥ 0 years. RESULTS: In total, 1150 patients with acute pancreatitis were analyzed. Octogenarian group (n = 42, 39.6%) showed a more severe acute pancreatitis compared to patients in group I (n = 15, 2.1%) and II (n = 50, 14.8%, P < .001). Complications were more common in patients in group III (P < .001). Mortality rate was higher in patients in group III (n = 53, 50%) compared to group I (n = 8, 1.1%) and group II (n = 53, 15.7%) (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Gerontal patients with acute pancreatitis tend to have more severe disease and systemic and local complications. Mortality rates were higher in older patients compared to younger patients.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in vaccinated patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking. We evaluated the outcome of COVID-19 in AIH patients who received at least one dose of Pfizer- BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273) or AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S) vaccine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on AIH patients with COVID-19. The outcomes of AIH patients who had acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection after at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine were compared to unvaccinated patients with AIH. COVID-19 outcome was classified according to clinical state during the disease course as: (i) no hospitalization, (ii) hospitalization without oxygen supplementation, (iii) hospitalization with oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula or mask, (iv) intensive care unit (ICU) admission with non-invasive mechanical ventilation, (v) ICU admission with invasive mechanical ventilation or (vi) death, and data was analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: We included 413 (258 unvaccinated and 155 vaccinated) patients (81%, female) with a median age of 52 (range: 17-85) years at COVID-19 diagnosis. The rates of hospitalization were (36.4% vs. 14.2%), need for any supplemental oxygen (29.5% vs. 9%) and mortality (7% vs. 0.6%) in unvaccinated and vaccinated AIH patients with COVID-19. Having received at least one dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was associated with a significantly lower risk of worse COVID-19 severity, after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and presence of cirrhosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.31). Overall, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality from COVID-19 (aOR 0.20, 95% CI 0.11-0.35). CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality in patients with AIH.

Changes in Hepatitis C Awareness in Different Disciplines During COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the awareness of referring hepatitis C virus patients to the relevant departments and the effect of the pandemic period on this subject. METHODS: A total of 65 743 patients with anti-hepatitis C virus requests before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were retrospectively screened. Anti-hepatitis C virus-positive patients were divided into 5 groups according to age distribution. The distribution of patients with anti-hepatitis C virus positivity was compared according to age groups, before and during COVID-19. Anti-hepatitis C virus-pos- itive patients who were not requested hepatitis C virus RNA were evaluated individually according to the departments, and hepatitis C virus awareness was compared before and during COVID-19. RESULTS: Anti-hepatitis C virus positivity rate was 1.54% before COVID-19; this rate was 2.15% during COVID-19. When the anti-hep- atitis C virus positivity rate was compared in terms of age distribution according to before and during COVID-19, it was observed that there was a statistically significant decrease in the >65 age group in the COVID-19 period (P = .004). It was found that 216 (32%) of the patients who had anti-hepatitis C virus (+) before COVID-19 and 231 (48.1%) of the patients during COVID-19 were not requested hepatitis C virus RNA test (P < .0001). The departments with the highest awareness of hepatitis C virus were gastroenterology, infec- tious diseases, hematology, gynecology and obstetrics, and oncology, while the departments with the lowest hepatitis C virus awareness were ophthalmology, psychiatry, and general surgery. It was found that chronic hepatitis C virus awareness decreased in all departments during COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis C virus awareness has decreased in all medical departments despite the physician alert system during COVID-19 and also the rate of anti-hepatitis C virus (+) patients decreased in the group aged >65 years during the pandemic.

Prevalence and Determinants of Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Patients with Selected Rheumatologic Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Many rheumatic diseases may cause gastrointestinal manifestations. The goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence and predictors of gastrointestinal involvement in patients with rheumatic disorders. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and sys- temic sclerosis who have consulted due to gastrointestinal symptoms. The relationship between clinical symptoms, gastroscopic/colo- noscopic findings, and histopathological results with current drugs and disease duration was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 364 patients with rheumatic disorders and 740 people as control group were included in the study. Abdominal bloating followed by abdominal pain, regurgitation, and heartburn were reported as the main complaints by more than half of the patients. Most of the patients had gastric mucosal changes expressed as Lanza score, and the presence of major polypharmacy was the most important factor affecting Lanza score (odds ratio: 10, 95% CI: 1.882-54.111, P < .007) followed by disease duration (odds ratio: 1.559, 95% CI: 1.369-1.775, P < .001) and age (odds ratio: 1.069, 95% CI: 1.030-1.109, P < .001). In general, approximately 30% of the patients were posi- tive for Helicobacter pylori infection and 35% showed intestinal metaplasia in histopathological examination. Most of the colonoscopic findings were associated with colonic polyps (n = 81). In multivariate analysis, disease duration was the only factor that affected the pres- ence of colonic lesions (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUROC): 0.871, 95% CI: 0.824-0.918, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Patients with rheumatologic diseases frequently have gastrointestinal manifestations. The most encountered gastrointes- tinal symptom was abdominal bloating, followed by abdominal pain. Being aware of gastrointestinal manifestations and their determi- nants may help physicians manage and follow patients with rheumatologic disorders.

Lymphocyte to Monocyte Ratio and C-Reactive Protein Combination as the Best Simple Predictor of Treatment Response in Cirrhotic Patients with Culture Negative Neutrocytic Ascites.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the most ideal inflammatory markers for treatment response and to determine a cutoff value that could predict response to treatment for culture negative neutrocytic ascite (CNNA) patients. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional case-controlled study. Patients with CNNA were evaluated by taking ascites fluid sampling at the beginning and on the 5th day of treatment. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio were calculated. Results: Of the 123 cases with cirrhotic ascites disease, 59 were CCNA and 64 were the control group without ascite-fluid infection. There were statistically significant differences for blood monocyte count, NLR (p<0.01), LMR, and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p<0.001) between two groups. Patients in the CNNA group were compared before and after treatment among themselves for the treatment response. There was statistically significant difference in mean platelet volume, monocyte, LMR, and CRP (p<0.05) between two groups. After receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, the best cutoff value for monocyte was <0.64 × 103/µL (sensitivity 49.2%, specificity 74.6%, positive predictive value [PPV] 65.9%, and negative predictive value [NPV] 59.5%) (p<0.01), for LMR was ≥1.7 (sensitivity 76.3%, specificity 78%, PPV 77.6%, and NPV 76.7%), and for CRP was ≤18 mg/L (sensitivity 91.5% specificity 57.6%, PPV 68.4%, and NPV 87.2%) (p<0.001). When LMR and CRP were used together, sensitivity (86.5%), specificity (83.1%), PPV (83.6%), and NPV (86%) were found to be statistically significantly higher (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that in cirrhotic patients with CNNA, combined LMR + CRP can be used as a novel, low cost and non-invasive test to predict treatment response.

Effects of immunosuppressive drugs on COVID-19 severity in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated associations between baseline use of immunosuppressive drugs and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of AIH patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively collected from 15 countries. The outcomes of AIH patients who were on immunosuppression at the time of COVID-19 were compared to patients who were not on AIH medication. The clinical courses of COVID-19 were classified as (i)-no hospitalization, (ii)-hospitalization without oxygen supplementation, (iii)-hospitalization with oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula or mask, (iv)-intensive care unit (ICU) admission with non-invasive mechanical ventilation, (v)-ICU admission with invasive mechanical ventilation or (vi)-death and analysed using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: We included 254 AIH patients (79.5%, female) with a median age of 50 (range, 17-85) years. At the onset of COVID-19, 234 patients (92.1%) were on treatment with glucocorticoids (n = 156), thiopurines (n = 151), mycophenolate mofetil (n = 22) or tacrolimus (n = 16), alone or in combinations. Overall, 94 (37%) patients were hospitalized and 18 (7.1%) patients died. Use of systemic glucocorticoids (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.73, 95% CI 1.12-25.89) and thiopurines (aOR 4.78, 95% CI 1.33-23.50) for AIH was associated with worse COVID-19 severity, after adjusting for age-sex, comorbidities and presence of cirrhosis. Baseline treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (aOR 3.56, 95% CI 0.76-20.56) and tacrolimus (aOR 4.09, 95% CI 0.69-27.00) were also associated with more severe COVID-19 courses in a smaller subset of treated patients. CONCLUSION: Baseline treatment with systemic glucocorticoids or thiopurines prior to the onset of COVID-19 was significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with AIH.

Investigation of Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis and Nitrosative Stress in Patients with Wilson Disease.

BACKGROUND: Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper (Cu2+) metabolism, resulting in Cu2+ accumulation and liver and central nervous system toxicity. Oxidative stress may have a role in the pathogenesis of Wilson disease, but the roles of thiol/disulfide homeostasis and nitrosative stress have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there is a modification in thiol/disulfide homeostasis and nitrosative stress in patients with Wilson disease. METHODS: A total of 50 patients with Wilson disease (42 under drug treatment and 8 newly diagnosed patients with no drug treatment) and 50 healthy gender- and age-matched controls were enrolled for this study. Serum native thiol and total thiol levels were measured with a spectrophotometric method. The number of disulfide bonds and the related ratios were determined from these measurements. Serum nitric oxide (NO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels were analyzed using chemiluminescence and ELISA assays, respectively. RESULTS: The average native thiol levels of the patient group under drug treatment were found to be markedly higher than the levels of controls (P < .05). We detected no marked changes in total thiol and disulfide levels, and disulfide/total thiol, disulfide/native thiol, or native thiol/total thiol ratios between groups. We found significant elevations in NO levels in Wilson disease group before drug treatment, and the 3-NT levels in the Wilson disease groups prior to (P < .05) and under drug treatment (P < .01), when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Our data are the first to show that nitrosative stress and thiol/disulfide homeostasis can contribute to the pathogenesis of Wilson disease.

A novel method: can stapedial acoustic reflex have a role in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy?

OBJECTIVE: Stapedial acoustic reflex is an easily accessible and applicable test which is also valuable for the clinical conditions which affect the various locations of the central nervous system. Searching the diagnostic value of stapedial acoustic reflex at minimal hepatic encephalopathy is the aim of this research. METHODS: Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy was conducted by mini-mental state and critical flickered frequency tests. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy diagnosed patients were established in the first group. Cirrhosis (without minimal hepatic encephalopathy or overt hepatic encephalopathy) diagnosed patients were created the control group. The stapedial acoustic reflex test was applied for minimal hepatic encephalopathy and the control group by audiologists in a soundproof room. RESULTS: In total, 221 patients were screened and 97 patients meet the inclusion criterions. Out of 97 patients, 52 were the minimal hepatic encephalopathy patients and the remaining patients were the control group. Acoustic reflex tests battery includes the evaluation of two pathways called ipsilateral and contralateral. Ipsilateral way test results were found positive in all minimal hepatic encephalopathy patients and 95% positive in the control group. Contralateral acoustic reflex test results were found 36% positive in minimal hepatic encephalopathy patients and 95% positive in the control group, respectively. A comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflex test results was displayed a statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Stapedial acoustic reflex test results of cirrhosis patients may cover additional parameters for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with abnormal ventricular repolarization indices.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a clinical entity affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract. The pathophysiology of GERD has been associated with autonomic nervous system disorders. Autonomic nervous system disturbances in GERD patients have been shown to lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) that result in electrical and ventricular repolarization anomalies. The maximum to terminal electrocardiographic T wave (Tpe) has been associated with repolarization of transmural dispersion. In addition, a higher Tpe interval (TpeI) and Tpe/QT ratio correspond with VAs. The goal of this report was to assess ventricular repolarization, by TpeI and Tpe/QT ratio, in GERD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was comprised of 46 GERD subjects and 43 healthy volunteers. TpeI, cTpe, and Tpe/Q ratios were determined from electrocardiograms and associations of the groups were compared. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. TpeI, corrected Tpe (cTpe) interval, and Tpe/QT ratio were higher in subjects with GERD in comparison to the control group (P<0.001, P=0.018, and P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: TpeI and Tpe/QT ratio were higher in GERD patients. Patients with GERD may have an increased risk for VAs.

Malignant melanoma of the stomach presenting in a woman: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant melanoma is reported to metastasize to all organs of the human body. Although it is common for it to metastasize to the gastrointestinal tract, a melanoma located primarily in the gastric mucosa is an uncommon tumor. Gastrointestinal metastases are rarely diagnosed before death with radiological and endoscopic techniques. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report the clinical course and treatment of a woman with melanoma of the stomach, without any other detectable primary lesion, is presented and discussed. A 55-year-old Turkish woman presented to our clinic with complaints of muscle pain and bone pain in the left side of her chest. During an upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy, dark cherry-colored, light elevated, round-shaped lesions were taken from her gastric fundus and from the first part of her duodenum. Biopsies from these samples were determined to be malignant melanoma by the pathologist. CONCLUSION: Metastatic malignant melanoma cases should be examined through endoscopy for gastrointestinal metastases.