Perception of threat and national identity: Investigation of the mediating role of collective self esteem.

This article examines whether perceived threat can predict national identity mediated by collective self-esteem in the context of students in Indonesia. The notion of national identity can be described as an individual's attachment to a country. The strength of the bond between national identity and its individuals has an impact on raising collective self-esteem. This article shows that national identity is latent, as it can emerge and be self-reinforced when stimulated by a perceived threat. The connection between the perception of threat and national identity is indirect but mediated by collective self-esteem. This study involved 504 students from 49 universities in Indonesia. The samples of the research were obtained by using convenience sampling. The Lisrell 8.7 program was used to conduct this study's entire data analysis process. The analysis showed that the perception of threat affects the national identity, which was mediated by collective self-esteem. From the result above, collective self-esteem is influential as the mediator variable. Additionally, the impact of the perception of the threat on national identity can indicate collective self-esteem. People who perceive social phenomena in their environment will strengthen ties to the nation but this correlation is affected by the strengh of collective self-esteem.

The Development and Initial Validation of the Youth Sexual Intention Scale: Indonesian Version.

Interventions for the early sexual problem in adolescents require proper measurement of sexual intentions. The adolescent sexual intention scales have been widely used by researchers in the West. However, those scales are not very suitable for adolescents in eastern cultures such as Indonesia. As a religious society, Indonesian people have different sexual expectations from liberal western society. Religious teachings and societal norms shape sexual beliefs that reflect semi-restrictive sexual socialization. Thus, sexual intention measurement that represents the sexual beliefs of the subject under study becomes important. Therefore, this two-steps study aims to develop and validate the Youth Sexual Intention Scale (YSIS). In the first step, qualitative elaboration resulted in 27 themes of adolescent sexual beliefs, which turned into 31 items according to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In the second step, we selected 396 students using the cluster random sampling technique. We investigated 2 methods of validity, content validity using CVI and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The content validity examination proved that all scale items had high validity (CVI = .93). Meanwhile, the CFA showed that the data was fit for the model (Chi-square 819,420, P <.001, RMSEA = .056, CFI = .978, TLI = .972). The CFA groups items into 4 dimensions, namely, sexual attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and sexual intentions. The reliability test shows an Alpha coefficient of .854. We conclude that 26-items YSIS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure belief-based youth sexual intentions (15-18 years) in religious culture.