RESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the pixel intensity and to compare it with different spatial resolutions, using an aluminum step-wedge. Methods: The sample consisted of three bone chips of two dry pig mandibles. Then, each bone chip and the aluminum step-wedge were placed on periapical radiographs in order to take the images with Ekta Speed film, with an exposure time of 0.2 seconds and focal length of 25 cm. All radiographs were scanned with spatial resolutions of 150 and 300 dpi and saved as JPEG files. The images were measured using the histogram tool provided by the Image Tool program (UTHSCSA, Texas, USA) selecting specific areas on the bone chips and on the aluminum step-wedge. Results: The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests which showed that there was no significant difference in pixel intensity between bone chips and step 3 (3.6 mmEq/Al) of the aluminum step-wedge (p>0.05). It was also observed that there were no significant differences in pixel intensity value measured on step-wedges 2 (3.3 mmEq/Al), 3 (3.6 mmEq/Al), 4 (3.9 mmEq/Al) and on the bone chips, between spatial resolutions of 150 and 300 dpi. Conclusion: Small differences in spatial resolution did not interfere with the evaluation of pixel intensity. It is recommended to measure pixel intensity on digitalized radiographs using an aluminum step-wedge as a reference density value.
Objetivo: Avaliar a intensidade de pixels de fragmentos de tecido ósseo mandibular, bem como compará-la em diferentes resoluções espaciais, utilizando um penetrômetro de alumínio. Métodos: A amostra consistiu de 3 fragmentos ósseos, provenientes de 2 mandíbulas secas de suínos. Em seguida, cada fragmento ósseo, juntamente com o penetrômetro de alumínio, foram posicionados sobre filmes radiográficos periapicais. As radiografias foram realizadas com filme Ekta Speed, tempo de exposição de 0,20 segundos e distância focal de 25 cm. Todas as radiografias foram digitalizadas com resoluções espaciais de 150 e 300 dpi e, em seguida, arquivadas em JPEG. As imagens foram medidas por meio da ferramenta histograma do programa Image Tool (UTHSCSA, Texas, USA) selecionando-se áreas nos fragmentos ósseos e no penetrômetro de alumínio. Resultados: A análise dos resultados pelos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey mostrou que não houve diferença significativa de intensidade de pixel entre os fragmentos ósseos e o degrau 3 do penetrômetro de alumínio (3,6 mmEq/Al) (p>0,05). Observou-se ainda que não houve diferenças significativas dos valores da intensidade de pixel dos degraus 2 (3,3 mmEq/Al), 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al) e 4 (3,9 mmEq/Al) e os fragmentos ósseos, entre as resoluções espaciais avaliadas nesse estudo. Conclusão: Pequenas diferenças de resolução espacial não interferiram nos valores de intensidade de pixel. É recomendável medir esta intensidade com a utilização de penetrômetro de alumínio como referência para valor de densidade.
Assuntos
Intensificação de Imagem Radiográfica , Radiografia DentáriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a study to evaluate the stain removal ability of tooth bleaching and simulated toothbrushing after coffee and cigarette smoke staining and to determine the enamel susceptibility to restaining. METHODS: The authors used a colorimeter to determine the baseline color of 40 bovine labial enamel surfaces according to the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* coordinates. They immersed one-half of the specimens in coffee and exposed one-half to cigarette smoke in a smoking machine. They took color measurements again and determined the color change from baseline (ΔE1) for each group. The authors divided each group into two subgroups and subjected the specimens to at-home bleaching (one hour per day for 21 days) or simulated toothbrushing (120 cycles per day for 21 days), followed by another color measurement (ΔE2). The authors repeated both staining procedures (that is, cigarette smoke and coffee) and followed them with a third color measurement (ΔE3). They analyzed the data by using a two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 5 percent). RESULTS: Both staining procedures resulted in similar values for ΔE1. The specimens stained with coffee and cigarette smoke exhibited a significant reduction in color change after bleaching (P < .05). However, toothbrushing resulted in a significantly reduced color change only for cigarette smoke-stained specimens (P < .001). The discoloration in coffee-stained specimens increased after restaining, irrespective of the stain removal method (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The study results show that at-home bleaching removed both coffee and cigarette smoke staining. The restaining potential was greater for specimens stained with coffee than for those stained with cigarette smoke, regardless of the removal method used. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Six percent hydrogen peroxide at-home bleaching was effective in removing stains caused by coffee or cigarette smoke. However, continued frequent consumption of coffee can increase the staining susceptibility of enamel.