Degradation, Promoter Recruitment and Transactivation Mediated by the Extreme N-Terminus of MHC Class II Transactivator CIITA Isoform III.

Multiple relationships between ubiquitin-proteasome mediated protein turnover and transcriptional activation have been well documented, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. One way to induce degradation is via ubiquitination of the N-terminal α-amino group of proteins. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator CIITA is the master regulator of MHC class II gene expression and we found earlier that CIITA is a short-lived protein. Using stable and transient transfections of different CIITA constructs into HEK-293 and HeLa cell lines, we show here that the extreme N-terminal end of CIITA isoform III induces both rapid degradation and transactivation. It is essential that this sequence resides at the N-terminal end of the protein since blocking of the N-terminal end with an epitope-tag stabilizes the protein and reduces transactivation potential. The first ten amino acids of CIITA isoform III act as a portable degron and transactivation sequence when transferred as N-terminal extension to truncated CIITA constructs and are also able to destabilize a heterologous protein. The same is observed with the N-terminal ends of several known N-terminal ubiquitination substrates, such as Id2, Cdt1 and MyoD. Arginine and proline residues within the N-terminal ends contribute to rapid turnover. The N-terminal end of CIITA isoform III is responsible for efficient in vivo recruitment to the HLA-DRA promoter and increased interaction with components of the transcription machinery, such as TBP, p300, p400/Domino, the 19S ATPase S8, and the MHC-II promoter binding complex RFX. These experiments reveal a novel function of free N-terminal ends of proteins in degradation-dependent transcriptional activation.

Regulated Intron Retention and Nuclear Pre-mRNA Decay Contribute to PABPN1 Autoregulation.

The poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1 is encoded by the PABPN1 gene, whose mutations result in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, a late-onset disorder for which the molecular basis remains unknown. Despite recent studies investigating the functional roles of PABPN1, little is known about its regulation. Here, we show that PABPN1 negatively controls its own expression to maintain homeostatic levels in human cells. Transcription from the PABPN1 gene results in the accumulation of two major isoforms: an unspliced nuclear transcript that retains the 3'-terminal intron and a fully spliced cytoplasmic mRNA. Increased dosage of PABPN1 protein causes a significant decrease in the spliced/unspliced ratio, reducing the levels of endogenous PABPN1 protein. We also show that PABPN1 autoregulation requires inefficient splicing of its 3'-terminal intron. Our data suggest that autoregulation occurs via the binding of PABPN1 to an adenosine (A)-rich region in its 3' untranslated region, which promotes retention of the 3'-terminal intron and clearance of intron-retained pre-mRNAs by the nuclear exosome. Our findings unveil a mechanism of regulated intron retention coupled to nuclear pre-mRNA decay that functions in the homeostatic control of PABPN1 expression.

Polyadenylation-dependent control of long noncoding RNA expression by the poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1.

The poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is thought to function during mRNA poly(A) tail synthesis in the nucleus. Despite the predicted role of PABPN1 in mRNA polyadenylation, little is known about the impact of PABPN1 deficiency on human gene expression. Specifically, it remains unclear whether PABPN1 is required for general mRNA expression or for the regulation of specific transcripts. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we show here that the large majority of protein-coding genes express normal levels of mRNA in PABPN1-deficient cells, arguing that PABPN1 may not be required for the bulk of mRNA expression. Unexpectedly, and contrary to the view that PABPN1 functions exclusively at protein-coding genes, we identified a class of PABPN1-sensitive long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the majority of which accumulated in conditions of PABPN1 deficiency. Using the spliced transcript produced from a snoRNA host gene as a model lncRNA, we show that PABPN1 promotes lncRNA turnover via a polyadenylation-dependent mechanism. PABPN1-sensitive lncRNAs are targeted by the exosome and the RNA helicase MTR4/SKIV2L2; yet, the polyadenylation activity of TRF4-2, a putative human TRAMP subunit, appears to be dispensable for PABPN1-dependent regulation. In addition to identifying a novel function for PABPN1 in lncRNA turnover, our results provide new insights into the post-transcriptional regulation of human lncRNAs.