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OBJECTIVES: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can lead to psychiatric and somatic symptoms for some patients, including posttraumatic headache (PTH) and depression. This study attempted to further establish the relationship between PTH and depression following mTBI and investigate whether the presence of PTH immediately following injury can identify patients at risk for developing depressive symptoms up to 6 months later. METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of data from Head Injury Serum Markers for Assessing Response to Trauma (HeadSMART), a prospective study of adult patients in the emergency department with head injury. Participants included 265 patients who met criteria for mTBI and completed the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, to identify PTH within 24 hours after injury, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, to assess depressive symptoms during follow-up. Measures were completed at the initial visit immediately after the injury in the emergency department and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: Patients with acute PTH (aPTH) at time of injury were more likely to report PTH at 1, 3, and 6 months. They also had more severe depressive symptoms and a greater likelihood of clinically significant depression at all time points. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with aPTH within 24 hours after injury were more likely to report continued symptoms of PTH and clinically significant depression at 1, 3, and 6 months. These findings provide support for using the presence of aPTH in the emergency department following mTBI as an indicator for monitoring persistent PTH and depressive symptoms in the postacute recovery period.
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BACKGROUND: Neurorehabilitation is interdisciplinary and cross-sectorial, requiring the coordinated effort of diverse sectors, professions, patients and communities to manage complex condition-related disabilities. A more holistic approach to experimental rehabilitation can incorporate individualized treatment plans into rehabilitation research to improve overall clinical care. OBJECTIVE: This case aims to highlight the benefit of collaboration between neurology, psychiatry, physiatry and rehabilitation therapists to successfully rehabilitate complex patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old gentleman with history of depression, anxiety and sleep difficulties presented to our institution one year after a stroke for help managing exacerbations of his premorbid conditions. The patient had a hemorrhagic stroke which required craniectomy and led to seizures. Past history was unclear regarding what workups had been done but was suggestive of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RESULTS: Given the numerous medications patient had tried in the past and since his stroke, a true multidisciplinary team was needed and his case required close coordination to successfully diagnose the reason for each of his symptoms and to provide treatments and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: The correct diagnosis was only achieved by clear communication among team members which allowed for optimal treatment and improvement with therapies.
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Lesões Encefálicas , Reabilitação Neurológica , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , PolissonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Depressive symptoms are among the most common neuropsychiatric sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Very few studies have compared correlates of depressive symptoms within the first 6 months of injury in cohorts experiencing their first TBI. The authors investigated whether the correlates of depressive symptoms (being female, older, lower education, having brain lesions, experiencing worse postconcussive symptoms, and incomplete functional recovery) that have been established in populations with moderate to severe TBI were the same for individuals with first-time mTBI within the first 6 months of recovery. METHODS: Two hundred seventeen individuals with first-time mTBI were divided into subgroups-new-onset depressive symptoms, recurrent depressive symptoms, prior depression history only, and never depressed-and compared on clinical and demographic variables and the presence of postconcussive symptoms and functional recovery at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: New-onset depressive symptoms developed in 12% of the cohort, whereas 11% of the cohort had recurrent depressive symptoms. Both depressive symptoms groups were more likely to comprise women and persons of color and were at higher risk for clinically significant postconcussive symptoms and incomplete functional recovery for the first 6 months postinjury. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of depressive symptoms after first-time mTBI was associated with persistent postconcussive symptoms and incomplete functional recovery in the first 6 months. Adding to the existing literature, these findings identified correlates of depressive symptom development and poor outcomes after mTBI, thus providing further evidence that mTBI may produce persistent symptoms and functional limitations that warrant clinical attention.
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Concussão Encefálica , Síndrome Pós-Concussão , Atenção , Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Concussão Encefálica/epidemiologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Cognitive rehabilitation encompasses therapeutic services directed at improving cognitive functioning and functional abilities in individuals with brain injury. The term cognitive rehabilitation, however, is often broadly defined, and interventions delivered by individual disciplines may vary in their conceptualizations. This paper, written by an interprofessional collaborative group of speech-language pathologists and rehabilitation psychologists/ neuropsychologists identifies challenges in interprofessional rehabilitation of cognitive problems as well as solutions for addressing those challenges. Specifically, the challenge of defining elements of cognitive rehabilitation is addressed with a recommendation for interprofessional training and development of a shared perspective; the problem of "siloed" care is addressed by recommendations for consistent and considerable efforts at interprofessional communication, use of shared language and emphasis on health literacy; and the challenge of access to collaborative care is addressed with the recommendation to increase utilization of telerehabilitation interventions. Our goal is to empower clinicians to not only turn to evidence-based practice to address patient needs, but to go further in implementing the evidence base by facilitating true collaborative interdisciplinary services via improved knowledge of best practice, and advocacy avenues within systems of care. Such an approach will maximize the ability of rehabilitation professionals to provide meaningful, person-centered interventions that will maximize patient outcomes.
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Lesões Encefálicas , Relações Interprofissionais , Lesões Encefálicas/reabilitação , Cognição , Comunicação , HumanosRESUMO
The lack of well-performing prognostic models for early prognostication of outcomes remains a major barrier to improving the clinical care of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We aimed to derive a prognostic model for predicting incomplete recovery at 1-month in emergency department (ED) patients with mTBI and a presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 who were enrolled in the HeadSMART (Head Injury Serum Markers for Assessing Response to Trauma) study. The derivation cohort included 355 participants with complete baseline (day-of-injury) and follow-up data. The primary outcome measure was the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) at 1-month and incomplete recovery was defined as a GOSE <8. At 1-month post-injury, incomplete recovery was present in 58% (n = 205) of participants. The final multi-variable logistic regression model included six variables: age in years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.00), positive head CT (OR = 4.42; 95% CI: 2.21-9.33), history of depression (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.47-4.69), and self-report of moderate or severe headache (OR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.49-4.18), difficulty concentrating (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.53-7.04), and photophobia (OR = 4.17; 95% CI: 2.08-8.92) on the day-of-injury. The model was validated internally using bootstrap resampling (1000 resamples), which revealed a mean over-optimism value of 0.01 and an optimism-corrected area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85). A prognostic model for predicting incomplete recovery among ED patients with mTBI and a presenting GCS of 15 using easily obtainable clinical and demographic variables has acceptable discriminative accuracy. External validation of this model is warranted.
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Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Prognóstico , Adulto , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Recuperação de Função FisiológicaRESUMO
Aims: The overarching goal of this project was to establish a group comprised of a variety of TBI stakeholders for the purpose of: (1) determining facilitators and barriers in management of neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI; (2) identifying strategies for maintaining a TBI PCOR network; (3) enumerating research topics related to TBI neuropsychiatry; and (4) highlighting policy changes related to TBI neuropsychiatry.Methods: Twenty-nine TBI stakeholders participated in focus group discussions. Qualitative analyses were conducted both manually and using Dedoose software.Results: Participant-identified barriers included stigma associated with experiencing neuropsychiatric symptoms and poor insurance coverage. Facilitators included treatment focused on education of neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI and having a comprehensive caregiver plan. Best strategies for maintaining TBI PCOR network included having a well-defined project, continued regular meetings, and on-going education of network members. Pertinent research topics included TBI and aging, factors influencing outcomes after TBI, substance use disorders related to TBI, and effectiveness of telemental health services. Needed policy changes included making TBI neuropsychiatry education accessible to stakeholders and improving accessibility of TBI neuropsychiatric care.Conclusion: TBI stakeholders identified several facilitators of care for neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI and suggested research topics and best practices for conducting PCOR in this area.
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Neuropsiquiatria , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Cuidadores , Humanos , Avaliação de Resultados da Assistência ao Paciente , Estigma SocialRESUMO
This study longitudinally examined age differences across multiple outcome domains in individuals diagnosed with acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). A sample of 447 adults meeting VA/DoD criteria for mTBI was dichotomized by age into older (≥65 years; n = 88) and younger (<65 years; n = 359) sub-groups. All participants presented to the emergency department within 24 hours of sustaining a head injury, and outcomes were assessed at 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), post-concussive symptoms (PCS) were ascertained with the Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ), and functional recovery from the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). Mixed effects logistic regression models showed that the rate of change over time in odds of functional improvement and symptom alleviation did not significantly differ between age groups (p = 0.200-0.088). Contrary to expectation, older adults showed equivalent outcome trajectories to younger persons across time. This is a compelling finding when viewed in light of the majority opinion that older adults are at risk for significantly worse outcomes. Future work is needed to identify the protective factors inherent to sub-groups of older individuals such as this.
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Concussão Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Patient-reported cognitive complaints are common in those with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Objective evidence of cognitive impairment in this population is variable in part due to methodological variability in existing studies. In this study, we sought to use a systematic approach to characterizing PTLDS based on the most current consensus diagnosis. We further examined PTLDS-related cognitive decline, operationalized as a significant decline in cognitive test performance relative to premorbid cognitive ability. METHOD: We enrolled a case series of 124 patients with confirmed PTLDS defined by Infectious Diseases Society of America-proposed case definition. Cognitive functioning was evaluated using standardized neuropsychological measures. RESULTS: The majority (92%) of participants endorsed some level of cognitive difficulty, yet 50% of the sample showed no statistically or clinically significant cognitive decline, 26% of the sample evidenced significant cognitive decline on measures of memory and variably on measures of processing speed, and 24% of the sample were excluded from analyses due to suboptimal test engagement. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings are consistent with the literature showing that the most robust neurocognitive deficit associated with PTLDS is in verbal memory and with variable decline in processing speed. Compared to population normative comparison standards, PTLDS-related cognitive decline remains mild. Thus, further research is needed to better understand factors related to the magnitude of subjective cognitive complaints as well as objective evidence of mild cognitive decline.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/complicações , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Síndrome Pós-Lyme/complicações , Síndrome Pós-Lyme/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
The pathophysiology of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) may be linked to overactive immunity including aberrant activity of the brain's resident immune cells, microglia. Here we used [11C]DPA-713 and positron emission tomography to quantify the 18 kDa translocator protein, a marker of activated microglia or reactive astrocytes, in the brains of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms of any duration compared to healthy controls. Genotyping for the TSPO rs6971 polymorphism was completed, and individuals with the rare, low affinity binding genotype were excluded. Data from eight brain regions demonstrated higher [11C]DPA-713 binding in 12 patients relative to 19 controls. [11C]DPA-713 PET is a promising tool to study cerebral glial activation in PTLDS and its link to cognitive symptoms.
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Acetamidas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Pirazóis/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Radioisótopos de Carbono/farmacocinética , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/genética , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Projetos Piloto , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess whether study population definition influences the effect of age on outcomes after blunt head trauma. We hypothesized that examining 'all comers' receiving head computerized tomography after blunt head trauma, fewer older individuals would meet Veterans Administration and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) criteria for traumatic brain injury (TBI), and would, therefore, display better outcomes than younger cohorts. However, restricting to participants meeting VA/DoD criteria for TBI, we hypothesized that older individuals would have worse outcomes. METHODS: Data from a recently completed prospective cohort study were analysed with age dichotomized at 65 years. Logistic regression modelling, controlled for potential confounders including head trauma severity, was estimated to measure the effect of age on functional recovery, post-concussion symptoms (PCS), and depressive symptoms at 1-month post-TBI. RESULTS: Fewer older than younger individuals met VA/DoD criteria for TBI. Older individuals had better functional, PCS, and depressive outcomes at 1 month. Restricting to those meeting VA/DoD criteria for TBI, older individuals continued to have better functional and PCS outcomes but had outcomes comparable to younger on depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a tendency for older adults to have better outcomes than younger, independent of the diagnostic criteria applied.
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Fatores Etários , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Estudos de Coortes , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomógrafos Computadorizados , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , United States Department of Defense , United States Department of Veterans AffairsRESUMO
Study Objectives: Lyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Approximately 5-15 per cent of patients develop postantibiotic treatment symptoms termed post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The primary objective of this study is to examine and quantify sleep quality among patients with early LD during the acute and convalescent periods, including among the subset who met criteria for PTLDS. Methods: This paper draws from a clinical cohort study of participants with early LD (n = 122) and a subcohort of individuals who later met criteria for PTLDS (n = 6). Participants were followed for 1 year after antibiotic treatment. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and standardized measures of pain, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and functional impact were administered at all visits for participants and controls (n = 26). Participants meeting criteria for PTLDS at 1 year post-treatment were compared with a subset of PSQI-defined poor sleeping controls (n = 10). Results: At the pretreatment visit, participants with early LD reported poorer sleep than controls. By 6 months post-treatment, participant sleep scores as a group returned to control levels. Participants with PTLDS reported significantly worse global sleep and sleep disturbance scores and worse fatigue, functional impact, and more cognitive-affective depressive symptoms compared with poor sleeping controls. Conclusions: Participants with early LD experienced poor sleep quality, which is associated with typical LD symptoms of pain and fatigue. In the subset of patients who developed PTLDS, sleep quality remains affected for up to 1 year post-treatment and is commonly associated with pain. Sleep quality should be considered in the clinical picture for LD and PTLDS.
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Doença de Lyme/patologia , Síndrome Pós-Lyme/patologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/patologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Depressão/psicologia , Fadiga/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Maryland , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/patologiaRESUMO
The article aims to suggest clinically-useful tools in neuropsychological assessment for efficient use of embedded measures of performance validity. To accomplish this, we integrated available validity-related and statistical research from the literature, consensus statements, and survey-based data from practicing neuropsychologists. We provide recommendations for use of 1) Cutoffs for embedded performance validity tests including Reliable Digit Span, California Verbal Learning Test (Second Edition) Forced Choice Recognition, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Combination Score, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Failure to Maintain Set, and the Finger Tapping Test; 2) Selecting number of performance validity measures to administer in an assessment; and 3) Hypothetical clinical decision-making models for use of performance validity testing in a neuropsychological assessment collectively considering behavior, patient reporting, and data indicating invalid or noncredible performance. Performance validity testing helps inform the clinician about an individual's general approach to tasks: response to failure, task engagement and persistence, compliance with task demands. Data-driven clinical suggestions provide a resource to clinicians and to instigate conversation within the field to make more uniform, testable decisions to further the discussion, and guide future research in this area.
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Simulação de Doença/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Neuropsicologia/métodos , Psicologia Clínica/métodos , Desempenho Psicomotor , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Understanding the Lyme disease (LD) literature is challenging given the lack of consistent methodology and standardized measurement of symptoms and the impact on functioning. This prospective study incorporates well-validated measures to capture the symptom picture of individuals with early LD from time of diagnosis through 6-months post-treatment. METHOD: One hundred seven patients with confirmed early LD and 26 healthy controls were evaluated using standardized instruments for pain, fatigue, depressive symptoms, functional impact, and cognitive functioning. RESULTS: Prior to antibiotic treatment, patients experience notable symptoms of fatigue and pain statistically higher than controls. After treatment, there are no group differences, suggesting that symptoms resolve and that there are no residual cognitive impairments at the level of group analysis. However, using subgroup analyses, some individuals experience persistent symptoms that lead to functional decline and these individuals can be identified immediately post-completion of standard antibiotic treatment using well-validated symptom measures. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings suggest that ideally-treated early LD patients recover well and experience symptom resolution over time, though a small subgroup continue to suffer with symptoms that lead to functional decline. The authors discuss use of standardized instruments for identification of individuals who warrant further clinical follow-up.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Doença de Lyme , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/métodos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Resultado do Tratamento , Atividades Cotidianas , Adulto , Idoso , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos de Coortes , Fadiga/tratamento farmacológico , Fadiga/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/diagnóstico , Doença de Lyme/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Lyme/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/etiologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Autorrelato , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of traumatic brain injury (TBI) at time of presentation remains a clinical challenge. The Head Injury Serum Markers for Assessing Response to Trauma study (HeadSMART) aims to examine blood-based biomarkers for diagnosing and determining prognosis in TBI. METHODS: HeadSMART is a 6-month prospective cohort study comparing emergency department patients evaluated for TBI (exposure group) to (1) emergency department patients evaluated for traumatic injury without head trauma and (2) healthy persons. Study methods and characteristics of the first 300 exposure participants are discussed. RESULTS: Of the first 300 participants in the exposure arm, 70% met the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine criteria for TBI, with the majority (80.1%) classified as mild TBI. The majority of subjects in the exposure arm had Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13-15 (98.0%), normal head computed tomography (81.3%) and no prior history of concussion (71.7%). CONCLUSION: With systematic phenotyping, HeadSMART will facilitate diagnosis and risk-stratification of the heterogeneous group of individuals currently diagnosed with TBI.
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Biomarcadores/sangue , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/sangue , Traumatismos Cranianos Fechados/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Traumatismos Cranianos Fechados/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/sangue , Neurogranina/sangue , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Subunidade beta da Proteína Ligante de Cálcio S100 , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The goals of this review paper are to present an overview of the literature on resilience in adults with ABI, to describe approaches to measuring resilience in clinical practice and to discuss practical suggestions for promoting resilience in rehabilitation of adults with ABI. METHOD: We employed systematic review of journal articles, books, and websites related to resilience in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). RESULTS: Resilience was associated with adaptation and adjustment for individuals faced with serious injury such as ABI. However, research examining the construct of resilience is limited. CONCLUSION: While rehabilitation typically focuses on the identification and reduction of impairments for improving functioning, a focus on resilience may allow for recovery in a broader sense that exceeds expected outcomes.
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Lesões Encefálicas/psicologia , Lesões Encefálicas/reabilitação , Resiliência Psicológica , HumanosRESUMO
Persistent, subjective symptoms of unknown etiology following treatment for Lyme disease have been termed post- treatment Lyme disease syndrome or chronic Lyme disease (PTLDS/CLD). The objective of this study was to give primacy to the patient experience of this medically contested condition by eliciting patient illness narratives and identifying emergent issues through semistructured interviews conducted among 29 participants. We used thematic narrative analysis to identify three predominant themes: (a) Physical and social limitations lead to a "new normal" characterized by fundamental shifts of ways of being in the world, (b) disease-specific factors contribute to symptom and illness invisibility that affects social support in nuanced ways, and (c) pervasive medical uncertainty regarding PTLDS/CLD promotes an increased sense of personal responsibility for care. Similar to other contested or medically unexplained syndromes, our findings suggest that the social sequelae of PTLDS/CLD can be equally protracted as the physical effects of this illness.
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Doença de Lyme/psicologia , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Narração , Apoio SocialRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The increased incidence and geographic expansion of Lyme disease has made it the most common vector-borne infection in North America. Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) represents a subset of patients who remain ill following standard antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. The spectrum of symptoms and their impact on quality of life remain largely unexplored among patients with well-documented PTLDS. OBJECTIVE: To characterize a case series of patients with well-documented PTLDS compared to a sample of healthy controls. METHODS: Sixty-one participants met the proposed case definition for PTLDS. Twenty-six healthy controls had neither a clinical history of Lyme disease nor current antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. Participants with PTLDS and controls were evaluated by physical exam, clinical laboratory testing, standardized questionnaires, and a 36-item current symptom list. RESULTS: Compared to controls, participants with PTLDS reported significantly greater fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, and depression (Fatigue Severity Scale: 50.0 ± 10.6 vs. 19.8 ± 8.6; Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire: 13.7 ± 8.3 vs. 0.8 ± 1.9; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: 10.1 ± 4.7 vs. 4.1 ± 2.1; Beck Depression Inventory-II: 15.1 ± 7.7 vs. 2.2 ± 3.2; p < 0.001 for each), and significantly lower quality of life (SF-36 Physical Component Score: 33.9 ± 9.7 vs. 55.1 ± 6.2; Mental Component Score: 42.9 ± 10.1 vs. 54.2 ± 5.4; p < 0.001 for each). Nineteen non-PTLDS-defining symptoms were found to be significantly more severe among participants with PTLDS than controls, including sleep difficultly and visual complaints. Initial delayed or misdiagnosis was characterized in 59.0% of participants with PTLDS, and 32.2% had abnormal vibratory sense. CONCLUSION: Although physical exam and clinical laboratory tests showed few objective abnormalities, standardized symptom questionnaires revealed that patients with PTLDS are highly and clinically significantly symptomatic, with poor health-related quality of life. PTLDS patients exhibited levels of fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbance, and depression which were both clinically relevant and statistically significantly higher than controls. Our study shows that PTLDS can be successfully identified using a systematic approach to diagnosis and symptom measurement. As the prevalence of PTLDS continues to rise, there will be an increased need for physician education to more effectively identify and manage PTLDS as part of integrated patient care.
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Head injury patients not meeting the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM)'s criteria for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), referred to hereafter as HIBRID (Head Injury BRain Injury Debatable), are often excluded from studies. The prognostic importance of HIBRID is unclear. We investigated the differences in functional and symptomatic recovery at 1 month post-injury among TBI patients classified as: HIBRID, ACRM+ cranial computed tomography (CT)-, and cranial CT+; and trauma and healthy controls. Subjects were enrolled in an ongoing prospective cohort (Head Injury Serum Markers for Assessing Response to Trauma; HeadSMART). Outcomes measured at 1 month post-injury include: incomplete functional recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended <8); moderate/severe post-concussive symptoms (PCS), defined according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision definition; and moderate/severe depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire 9 ≥ 10). Between April 2014 and May 2016, 500 TBI and 100 control subjects were enrolled and 376 TBI and 78 control subjects completed outcome assessment. The HIBRID group, constituting 23.9% of study population, had a lower incidence of incomplete functional recovery (36.7% [33 of 90]) than ACRM+, CT- (60.7% [125 of 206]; p < 0.01) and CT+ (78.8% [63 of 80]; p < 0.01) groups. However, the incidence of delayed functional recovery within the HIBRID group was higher than in trauma (9.3% [5 of 54]; p < 0.01) and healthy controls (0% [0 of 24]; p < 0.01). Compared to trauma/healthy controls, the HIBRID group had a higher incidence of moderate/severe depressive symptoms and a similar incidence of moderate/severe PCS. Subjects in the HIBRID group are at high risk for adverse outcomes following head injury and warrant further investigation.
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Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Escala de Resultado de Glasgow , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome Pós-Concussão/etiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Approximately 10% to 20% of patients optimally treated for early Lyme disease develop persistent symptoms of unknown pathophysiology termed posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The objective of this study was to investigate associations between PTLDS and immune mediator levels during acute illness and at several time points following treatment. Seventy-six participants with physician-documented erythema migrans and 26 healthy controls with no history of Lyme disease were enrolled. Sixty-four cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory markers were measured at each visit for a total of 6 visits over 1 year. An operationalized definition of PTLDS incorporating symptoms and functional impact was applied at 6 months and 1 year following treatment completion, and clinical outcome groups were defined as the return-to-health, symptoms-only, and PTLDS groups. Significance analysis of microarrays identified 7 of the 64 immune mediators to be differentially regulated by group. Generalized logit regressions controlling for potential confounders identified posttreatment levels of the T-cell chemokine CCL19 to be independently associated with clinical outcome group. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a CCL19 cutoff of >111.67 pg/ml at 1 month following treatment completion to be 82% sensitive and 83% specific for later PTLDS. We speculate that persistently elevated CCL19 levels among participants with PTLDS may reflect ongoing, immune-driven reactions at sites distal to secondary lymphoid tissue. Our findings suggest the relevance of CCL19 both during acute infection and as an immunologic risk factor for PTLDS during the posttreatment phase. Identification of a potential biomarker predictor for PTLDS provides the opportunity to better understand its pathophysiology and to develop early interventions in the context of appropriate and specific clinical information.