Intervenções farmacêuticas em prescrições pediátricas: uma revisão narrativa / Pharmaceutical interventions in pediatric prescriptions: a narrative review

As intervenções farmacêuticas (IFs) são um componente importante no papel do farmacêutico clínico na prevenção de eventos adversos relacionados a medicamentos. A maioria dos estudos aborda as IFs em pacientes adultos e ainda há uma lacuna de informações sobre essas intervenções na população pediátrica. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa sobre as IFs em prescrições de medicamentos de pacientes pediátricos internados em hospitais. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre julho e agosto de 2018 em três bases de dados e foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2018. As IFs apresentaram resultados positivos para os pacientes pediátricos. No total, foram descritos 35700 IFs realizadas com uma taxa de aceitação média de 92% por parte dos prescritores nos estudos que quantificaram a aceitação. A classe de medicamentos mais envolvidas nas IFs foi a de anti-infecciosos. Através dos estudos é possível concluir que as IFs podem beneficiar a segurança do paciente e levar à identificação de potenciais erros, além da prevenção de eventos adversos relacionados a terapia medicamentosa. São necessárias pesquisas contínuas que utilizem métodos padronizados para avaliar desfechos e eventos, permitindo assim a comparação entre resultados. (AU)

Pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) are an important component of the role of the clinical pharmacist in preventing drug-related adverse events. Most studies have addressed PIs in adult patients and there is still a lack of information on these interventions in the pediatric population. This narrative review focuses on PIs in prescriptions of pediatric patients admitted to hospitals. Data collection was performed from July to August 2018 in three databases, and articles published from January 2010 to July 2018 were selected. The reported PIs showed positive results for pediatric patients. In total, 35,700 PIs were performed with an average acceptance rate of 92% by prescribers in the studies that measured acceptance. The most common class of drugs used in PIs was anti-infective drugs. Based on the studies, a possible conclusion is that PIs may contribute to patient safety and lead to identification of potential errors as well as prevention of drug-related adverse events. Further research using standardized methods is required to evaluate outcomes and events, thus allowing a comparison between results. (AU)

Metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem no processo de ensino em saúde no Brasil: uma revisão narrativa / Active teaching-learning methodologies in the teaching health process in Brazil: a narrative review

Nas últimas décadas, a formação dos profissionais de saúde tornou-se um ponto importante a ser discutido. O novo profissional desejado pelas últimas reformas curriculares dos cursos da área da saúde tem perfil humanista, crítico e reflexivo, para atuar em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde. Apesar disso, a educação dos profissionais de saúde ainda é, na maioria das vezes, baseada em um modelo fragmentado do saber, desconsiderando as necessidades de atuação na prática. Neste contexto, surgem as metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem (MAEA), que propõem desafios a serem superados pelos estudantes, possibilitando-lhes ocupar o lugar de sujeitos na construção do conhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar artigos disponíveis em periódicos científicos que exemplificassem o uso de MAEA no processo de ensino nos cursos de graduação da área da saúde, com ênfase na realidade brasileira. A busca foi realizada através das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e BVS, nas quais foram selecionados artigos científicos de relatos de experiência em português. Os resultados relatados nos artigos foram positivos em relação ao uso das MAEA no processo de ensino em saúde durante a graduação (AU)

In the last decades, the training of health professionals has become an important point to be discussed. The new professional required by the latest curricular reforms in health courses has a humanist, critical and reflective profile, to work at all levels of health care. In spite of this, the education of health professionals is still mostly based on a fragmented model of knowledge, disregarding the needs of action in practice. In this context, active teaching-learning methodologies (ATLM) propose challenges to be overcome by students, enabling them to act as subjects in the construction of knowledge. The aim of this study was to select and categorize articles available in scientific journals that exemplify the use of ATLM in the teaching process in undergraduate courses in the health area, with focus on the Brazilian reality. The search was carried out through PubMed, SciELO and BVS databases, from which scientific papers presenting experience reports in Portuguese were selected. The results reported in the articles were positive regarding the use of ATLM in the health teaching process during undergraduate studies (AU)

Subchronic oral administration of Benzo[a]pyrene impairs motor and cognitive behavior and modulates S100B levels and MAPKs in rats.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmental contaminant produced during incomplete combustion of organic material that is well known as a mutagenic and carcinogenic toxin. There are few studies addressing the molecular and cellular basis of behavioural alterations related to BaP exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subchronic oral administration of BaP on behavioral and neurochemical parameters. Wistar male rats received BaP (2 mg/kg) or corn oil (control), once a day for 28 days (n = 12/group). Spontaneous locomotor activity and short- and long-term memories were evaluated. Glial fibrillary acid protein and S100B content in the hippocampus, serum and CSF were measured using ELISA and total and phosphorylated forms of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) named extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, p38(MAPK) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 and 2, in the hippocampus, were evaluated by western blotting. BaP induced a significant increase on locomotor activity and a decrease in short-term memory. S100B content was increased significantly in cerebrospinal fluid. BaP induced a decrease on ERK2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Thus, BaP subchronic treatment induces an astroglial response and impairs both motor and cognitive behavior, with parallel inhibition of ERK2, a signaling enzyme involved in the hippocampal neuroplasticity. All these effects suggest that BaP neurotoxicity is a concern for environmental pollution.